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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma
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Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma

Published on: April 12, 2019

Multiple osteochondromas.

Judith V M G Bovée1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. j.v.m.g.bovee@lumc.nl

Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
|February 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Multiple osteochondromas (MO) involves developing multiple bone growths. Early detection and management are key, especially for potential malignant transformation into chondrosarcoma.

Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Oncology
  • Skeletal Dysplasias
  • Tumor Biology

Background:

  • Multiple osteochondromas (MO) is a genetic disorder characterized by the development of multiple cartilage-capped bony outgrowths.
  • Affecting approximately 1 in 50,000 individuals, MO predominantly impacts males and typically manifests in the first decade of life.
  • While often asymptomatic, osteochondromas can lead to pain, deformities, and a small risk of malignant transformation into secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of multiple osteochondromas, including its clinical presentation, genetic basis, and management.
  • To highlight the importance of distinguishing MO from other skeletal dysplasias.
  • To emphasize the need for vigilance regarding malignant transformation and appropriate surgical intervention.

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Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification
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Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

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Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification
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Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification

Published on: August 6, 2015

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Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma
08:07

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Published on: April 12, 2019

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification
07:23

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

Published on: December 3, 2016

Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification
07:01

Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification

Published on: August 6, 2015

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical and radiological diagnostic criteria for MO.
  • Genetic analysis focusing on mutations in EXT1 and EXT2 tumor suppressor genes.
  • Histological evaluation for suspected malignant transformation.

Main Results:

  • Germline mutations in EXT1 or EXT2 genes are identified in nearly 90% of MO patients.
  • Osteochondromas primarily affect long bones, with the knee region being a common site; facial bones are unaffected.
  • Malignant transformation to secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma occurs in an estimated 0.5-5% of cases.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple osteochondromas is an autosomal dominant disorder primarily caused by EXT1/EXT2 gene mutations.
  • Diagnosis relies on clinical, radiological, and sometimes histological evidence.
  • Management involves surgical removal for symptomatic lesions and regular follow-up for early detection of malignancy, with en-bloc resection recommended for chondrosarcoma.