Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Base-Promoted α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones00:51

Base-Promoted α-Halogenation of Aldehydes and Ketones

α-Halogenation of aldehydes and ketones is a reaction involving the substitution of α hydrogens with halogens in the presence of a base.  The reaction begins with the abstraction of  α hydrogen by the base to produce a nucleophilic enolate ion. This intermediate undergoes a subsequent nucleophilic substitution with the halogen to produce a monohalogenated carbonyl compound. If the starting substrate has more than one α hydrogen, it is difficult to stop the reaction at the stage of...
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation reactions,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Asymmetric Guillain-Barré Syndrome as a Stroke Mimic.

Journal of the peripheral nervous system : JPNS·2026
Same author

Topological Control of Paratropicity via Alternative Ring Fusion in Indacenodithiophene Isomers.

The Journal of organic chemistry·2026
Same author

Subungual Glomus Tumor With Nail Plate Defect in a 6-Year-Old Child: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Clinical case reports·2026
Same author

A Cyclometalated Gold(III) Complex Targets Mitochondrial VDAC1 to Drive Immunometabolic Reprogramming in Cancer.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Efgartigimod as adjunctive therapy in refractory autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy: a case series.

Journal of neurology·2026
Same author

Crystal structures and Hirshfeld surface analyses of two precursors of the etoxazole metabolite 'R8'.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Crystallographic communications·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
12:43

The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

Published on: November 28, 2016

Halogen-containing tetrametallic aluminium alkoxides.

Amitabha Mitra1, Yuzhong Wang, Sean Parkin

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|February 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized novel tetrametallic aluminum alkoxides containing halogens. These compounds, featuring bridging ethoxide ligands, were characterized using various spectroscopic and analytical techniques, including X-ray crystallography.

More Related Videos

Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments
05:50

Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments

Published on: May 11, 2017

Discovery and Synthesis Optimization of Isoreticular Al(III) Phosphonate-Based Metal-Organic Framework Compounds Using High-Throughput Methods
07:20

Discovery and Synthesis Optimization of Isoreticular Al(III) Phosphonate-Based Metal-Organic Framework Compounds Using High-Throughput Methods

Published on: October 6, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
12:43

The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

Published on: November 28, 2016

Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments
05:50

Facile Preparation of Ultrafine Aluminum Hydroxide Particles with or without Mesoporous MCM-41 in Ambient Environments

Published on: May 11, 2017

Discovery and Synthesis Optimization of Isoreticular Al(III) Phosphonate-Based Metal-Organic Framework Compounds Using High-Throughput Methods
07:20

Discovery and Synthesis Optimization of Isoreticular Al(III) Phosphonate-Based Metal-Organic Framework Compounds Using High-Throughput Methods

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Inorganic Synthesis
  • Coordination Chemistry

Background:

  • Aluminum alkoxides are versatile precursors in inorganic and organometallic synthesis.
  • Halogenated aluminum compounds offer unique reactivity and structural possibilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize new halogen-containing tetrametallic aluminum alkoxides.
  • To explore synthetic routes involving aluminum alkoxides and halogenated aluminum precursors.
  • To investigate the structural and spectroscopic properties of the synthesized compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis via the reaction of aluminum triethoxide with dimethylaluminum chloride or aluminum bromide.
  • Full characterization including Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (1H, 27Al), Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, melting point determination, and elemental analysis.
  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction for detailed structural elucidation.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of two new tetrametallic aluminum alkoxides: [Al{(mu-OEt)2AlMeCl}3] (cis and trans isomers) and [Al{(mu-OEt)2AlBr2}3].
  • Confirmation of the structures and purity of the synthesized compounds through comprehensive analytical data.
  • Re-synthesis of a previously reported analogue, [Al{(mu-OEt)2AlCl2}3], via a new synthetic pathway.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully expanded the family of halogen-containing tetrametallic aluminum alkoxides.
  • The synthetic methodology provides a reliable route to these complex organoaluminum structures.
  • Detailed characterization confirms the proposed structures and highlights the diversity achievable in aluminum alkoxide chemistry.