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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

Mitogens and the Cell Cycle

Mitogens and the Cell Cycle

Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens

Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens

Published on: February 6, 2017

A melanoma multiepitope polypeptide induces specific CD8+ T-cell response.

Adva Levy¹, Jacob Pitcovski, Shoshana Frankenburg

¹Migal, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.

Cellular Immunology

|February 16, 2008

Summary

This study developed a novel multiepitope polypeptide for melanoma immunotherapy. This approach enhances T cell response and offers a promising new strategy for cancer treatment.

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens

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Multiplexed Immunofluorescence Analysis and Quantification of Intratumoral PD-1+ Tim-3+ CD8+ T Cells

Multiplexed Immunofluorescence Analysis and Quantification of Intratumoral PD-1⁺ Tim-3⁺ CD8⁺ T Cells

Published on: February 8, 2018

Area of Science:

Immunology
Oncology
Vaccine Development

Background:

Melanoma immunotherapy faces challenges with existing treatment modalities.
Epitope-based vaccination strategies are being explored to improve therapeutic outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and produce a multiepitope polypeptide for melanoma (MEP-mel) incorporating specific antigenic epitopes.
To evaluate the efficacy of MEP-mel in stimulating T cell responses and enhancing antigen presentation.

Main Methods:

Constructed a multiepitope polypeptide (MEP-mel) with four melanoma-associated antigenic epitopes (gp100, Mart1, tyrosinase) linked by proteasome-sensitive sequences.
Transfected dendritic cells with MEP-mel and assessed T cell activation via IFN-gamma production.
Investigated the proteasome-dependent antigen presentation and cross-presentation capabilities of MEP-mel-loaded dendritic cells.

Main Results:

MEP-mel-transfected dendritic cells induced peptide-specific T cell responses, evidenced by IFN-gamma production.
Antigen presentation by MEP-mel-transfected dendritic cells was proteasome-dependent and sustained longer than with native peptides.
Weak cross-presentation was observed when dendritic cells were loaded with the MEP-mel protein.

Conclusions:

Multiepitope molecules with proteasome-sensitive linkers are a promising tool for enhancing cancer immunotherapy.
The developed MEP-mel strategy effectively stimulates T cell immunity against melanoma.
This approach offers a novel avenue for improving the efficacy of melanoma treatments.