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Related Concept Videos

Translation

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

Translation

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

Mutations

Mutations

Mutations

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...

Point and Frameshift Mutations

Point and Frameshift Mutations

Point mutations are genetic alterations involving the change of a single nucleotide base pair in DNA. Depending on how the alteration affects protein synthesis, they can lead to various consequences.Point mutations fall into the following types:Silent mutations occur when a nucleotide change does not alter the amino acid sequence due to the redundancy of the genetic code. For instance, changing ACC to ACA still encodes threonine, leaving the protein function unaffected. This occurs because...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Genetic Analysis of Hereditary Transthyretin Ala97Ser Related Amyloidosis

Genetic Analysis of Hereditary Transthyretin Ala97Ser Related Amyloidosis

Published on: June 9, 2018

Different disease-causing mutations in transthyretin trigger the same conformational conversion.

Robert E Steward¹, Roger S Armen, Valerie Daggett

¹Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5061, USA.

Protein Engineering, Design & Selection : PEDS

|February 16, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Molecular dynamics simulations reveal how transthyretin (TTR) misfolds, forming amyloid fibrils. Low pH and specific mutations accelerate these conformational changes, offering insights into amyloid disease mechanisms.

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Genetic Analysis of Hereditary Transthyretin Ala97Ser Related Amyloidosis

Genetic Analysis of Hereditary Transthyretin Ala97Ser Related Amyloidosis

Published on: June 9, 2018

Demonstration of the Sequence Alignment to Predict Across Species Susceptibility Tool for Rapid Assessment of Protein Conservation

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Published on: February 10, 2023

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging

Published on: July 14, 2016

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Computational Biology

Background:

Transthyretin (TTR) amyloid fibrils deposit in cardiac tissue with aging.
Inherited mutations accelerate TTR deposition, causing amyloid diseases.
Amyloid formation involves TTR structural disruption and monomer conformational changes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate conformational changes in TTR preceding amyloid formation.
To compare wild-type TTR with amyloidogenic and protective variants.
To analyze the impact of pH on TTR conformational stability.

Main Methods:

Molecular dynamics simulations of wild-type and variant TTR monomers.
Simulations conducted at neutral and low pH.
Analysis of structural changes, including beta-sheet to alpha-sheet conversion.

Main Results:

Low pH caused D strand dissociation and A strand exposure in TTR.
Amyloidogenic variants and wild-type TTR at low pH showed beta-sheet to alpha-sheet conversion.
Conversion initiated in the G strand (residues 106-109) and was accelerated at low pH.
The protective T119M variant altered H strand conformation, suppressing conversion.

Conclusions:

TTR conformational changes, particularly beta-sheet to alpha-sheet conversion, are key to amyloid formation.
Low pH and specific mutations significantly influence TTR amyloidogenicity.
The T119M variant demonstrates a protective mechanism by stabilizing TTR structure.