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Related Concept Videos

Dihybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...

Crossing Over

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...

Monohybrid Crosses

Monohybrid Crosses

Monohybrid Crosses

Monohybrid Crosses

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes

Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes

Published on: February 14, 2020

When genomes collide: aberrant seed development following maize interploidy crosses.

Paul D Pennington¹, Liliana M Costa, Jose F Gutierrez-Marcos

¹Department of Plant Sciences, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.

Annals of Botany

|February 16, 2008

Summary

Interploidy crosses in maize disrupt endosperm development, leading to infertile seeds. The direction of the cross significantly impacts endosperm cellularization, starch accumulation, and gene expression, affecting seed viability.

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Scalable Transfection of Maize Mesophyll Protoplasts

Scalable Transfection of Maize Mesophyll Protoplasts

Published on: June 23, 2023

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes

Agrobacterium-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation of Recalcitrant Maize Inbred Lines Using Morphogenic Genes

Published on: February 14, 2020

Scalable Transfection of Maize Mesophyll Protoplasts

Scalable Transfection of Maize Mesophyll Protoplasts

Published on: June 23, 2023

Area of Science:

Plant reproductive biology
Genomics and genetics
Developmental biology

Background:

Wide- or interploidy crosses in angiosperms often result in unpredictable outcomes, including seed abortion.
Reciprocal interploidy crosses in maize have been studied to understand alterations in endosperm tissue domains and gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the consequences of reciprocal interploidy crosses in maize on endosperm development.
To analyze changes in endosperm-specific gene expression following interploidy crosses.

Main Methods:

Reciprocal crosses between diploid and tetraploid maize lines.
Utilized GUS reporter lines to study endosperm domain development.
Employed semi-quantitative RT-PCR to analyze gene expression in developing endosperms.

Main Results:

Interploidy crosses yielded small, infertile seeds with defective endosperms.
Maternal excess seeds were smaller, cellularized earlier, and accumulated more starch than paternal excess seeds.
Endosperms from reciprocal crosses showed disrupted functional domains, altered cell proliferation, and differential gene expression based on cross direction.

Conclusions:

Interploidy crosses disrupt the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation in the maize endosperm.
Unbalanced crosses affect transfer cell differentiation and deregulate the temporal program of endosperm development.