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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Murine Model of Controlled Cortical Impact for the Induction of Traumatic Brain Injury
05:01

Murine Model of Controlled Cortical Impact for the Induction of Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: August 16, 2019

Injury case-control studies using "other injuries" as controls.

Stephen W Marshall1

  • 1Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA. smarshall@unc.edu

Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)
|February 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study examines helmet use in skiing falls. Using skiers with non-head injuries as controls is valid only if helmet use is similar in all skiers who fall, which requires careful assessment to avoid bias.

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Murine Model of Controlled Cortical Impact for the Induction of Traumatic Brain Injury
05:01

Murine Model of Controlled Cortical Impact for the Induction of Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: August 16, 2019

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury
05:30

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: August 5, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Sports injury prevention
  • Epidemiological research methods

Background:

  • Event-phase interventions, like ski helmets, aim to prevent injuries at specific body sites.
  • Case-control studies often use individuals with injuries at other sites as controls for those with a specific injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the validity of using skiers with non-head injuries as controls in case-control studies of helmet effectiveness.
  • To identify potential biases in event-phase intervention studies.

Main Methods:

  • The study reviews the assumptions of case-control designs in the context of event-phase interventions.
  • It assesses the proxy validity of control groups for exposure prevalence in the source population.

Main Results:

  • The validity of using skiers with non-head injuries as controls hinges on the assumption that helmet-wearing prevalence is similar across all skiers experiencing a fall.
  • Factors like prior injury history, inexperience, and risk-taking behavior can confound results and introduce bias.

Conclusions:

  • Careful assessment of the control group's exposure prevalence is crucial for valid case-control studies of event-phase interventions.
  • Potential confounding factors must be rigorously evaluated to mitigate bias in injury research.