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Related Concept Videos

Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...
Cellular Injury II: Classification01:21

Cellular Injury II: Classification

Cellular injury is any process that disrupts a cell’s ability to maintain homeostasis, leading to structural or functional changes. It is broadly classified based on etiology (cause) and mechanism of damage.Classification by EtiologyCellular injury may result from several causes. Hypoxic injury happens due to reduced oxygen delivery, most commonly from inadequate blood supply, such as arterial obstruction; for example, coronary artery thrombosis can cause myocardial infarction. Chemical injury...
Structural Classification of Joints01:20

Structural Classification of Joints

Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Creating Rigidly Stabilized Fractures for Assessing Intramembranous Ossification, Distraction Osteogenesis, or Healing of Critical Sized Defects
07:35

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Published on: April 11, 2012

Fracture and dislocation classification compendium - 2007: Orthopaedic Trauma Association classification, database

J L Marsh1, Theddy F Slongo, Julie Agel

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. j-marsh@uiowa.edu

Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma
|March 7, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This updated Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) fracture classification simplifies coding by unifying OTA and AO systems. It enhances fracture and dislocation classification for improved patient care and research.

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Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device
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Creating Rigidly Stabilized Fractures for Assessing Intramembranous Ossification, Distraction Osteogenesis, or Healing of Critical Sized Defects
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Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device
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Development of a Novel Internal Fixation Model for Rat Radial Fractures: Fracture Healing Assessment and Dorsal Root Ganglion Isolation
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Development of a Novel Internal Fixation Model for Rat Radial Fractures: Fracture Healing Assessment and Dorsal Root Ganglion Isolation

Published on: March 13, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedic Surgery
  • Traumatology
  • Medical Classification Systems

Background:

  • The Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) classification, first published in 1996, was based on Müller's Comprehensive Classification of the Long Bones.
  • Previous classifications had distinct codes for OTA and AO systems, potentially causing confusion.
  • Advancements in fracture classification research over the last 11 years necessitated an update.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To republish and revise the Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) fracture classification system.
  • To introduce a unified alpha-numeric coding system for OTA and AO classifications.
  • To expand the classification of dislocations on an anatomical basis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of new scientific information on fracture classification published in the last 11 years.
  • Revision of the existing OTA classification format for improved clarity.
  • Integration of OTA and AO classification codes into a single alpha-numeric system.
  • Expansion of dislocation coding to an anatomical basis.

Main Results:

  • A revised and more user-friendly OTA classification compendium.
  • A unified alpha-numeric code for OTA and AO fracture classifications, eliminating previous discrepancies.
  • Significant revisions to the coding of clavicle, scapula, foot, hand, and patella fractures.
  • Separate anatomical coding for most joint dislocations.

Conclusions:

  • The updated classification provides a unified language for coding and classifying fractures.
  • This revision is expected to stimulate further developments in fracture classification.
  • Improvements in classification are anticipated to enhance patient care and clinical research outcomes.