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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...

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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Differentiated Mouse Adipocytes in Primary Culture: A Model of Insulin Resistance
09:48

Differentiated Mouse Adipocytes in Primary Culture: A Model of Insulin Resistance

Published on: February 17, 2023

Thyroid hormone and adipocyte differentiation.

Maria-Jesus Obregon1

  • 1Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Centro mixto from Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain. mjobregon@iib.uam.es

Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association
|February 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormones regulate adipogenesis and energy balance by controlling gene expression in adipose tissue. This study details how triiodothyronine (T3) influences fat cell differentiation and function, impacting metabolism.

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Differentiation and Imaging of Brown Adipocytes from the Stromal Vascular Fraction of Interscapular Adipose Tissue from Newborn Mice
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Differentiation and Imaging of Brown Adipocytes from the Stromal Vascular Fraction of Interscapular Adipose Tissue from Newborn Mice

Published on: February 3, 2023

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Differentiated Mouse Adipocytes in Primary Culture: A Model of Insulin Resistance
09:48

Differentiated Mouse Adipocytes in Primary Culture: A Model of Insulin Resistance

Published on: February 17, 2023

Differentiation and Imaging of Brown Adipocytes from the Stromal Vascular Fraction of Interscapular Adipose Tissue from Newborn Mice
04:46

Differentiation and Imaging of Brown Adipocytes from the Stromal Vascular Fraction of Interscapular Adipose Tissue from Newborn Mice

Published on: February 3, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Metabolism

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones are crucial for tissue development and metabolic regulation.
  • Adipose tissue, including white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT), plays a key role in energy homeostasis.
  • Adipogenesis, the process of fat cell formation, is tightly regulated by transcription factors and hormonal signals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of thyroid hormones, particularly triiodothyronine (T3), in regulating adipogenesis and adipose tissue function.
  • To investigate the interplay between T3, deiodinases, and key adipogenic transcription factors (C/EBPs, PPARs).
  • To explore the potential for white adipose tissue (WAT) reactivation through mechanisms like uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) activation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on thyroid hormone action in adipose tissue.
  • Analysis of gene regulation by T3, including direct effects via thyroid response elements (TREs) and indirect effects through transcription factors.
  • Examination of the roles of deiodinase enzymes (D1, D2, D3) in controlling local T3 availability.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid hormones regulate genes involved in adipocyte differentiation, lipogenesis, lipolysis, and thermogenesis.
  • T3 signaling directly impacts adipocyte-specific genes and influences key regulators like PPARs.
  • Deiodinase D2 is essential for providing T3 during adipocyte differentiation, supporting thermogenesis and lipogenesis, while D3 is active during proliferation.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormones are critical regulators of adipose tissue function, impacting energy storage and expenditure.
  • The coordinated action of T3, deiodinases, and transcription factors dictates adipocyte phenotype and metabolic activity.
  • Understanding these pathways may offer insights into modulating adipose tissue function for metabolic health.