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Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

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Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
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Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Monitoring Activation of the Antiviral Pattern Recognition Receptors RIG-I And PKR By Limited Protease Digestion and Native PAGE

Monitoring Activation of the Antiviral Pattern Recognition Receptors RIG-I And PKR By Limited Protease Digestion and Native PAGE

Published on: July 29, 2014

Intracellular pattern-recognition receptors.

Catherine Dostert¹, Etienne Meylan, Jürg Tschopp

¹Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

|February 19, 2008

Summary

Recent discoveries reveal cytoplasmic sensors in innate immunity that detect microbial and self molecules. Dysregulation of these sensors can cause autoinflammatory disorders, highlighting the need for precise regulation.

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

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In-vivo Detection of Protein-protein Interactions on Micro-patterned Surfaces

In-vivo Detection of Protein-protein Interactions on Micro-patterned Surfaces

Published on: March 19, 2010

Area of Science:

Immunology
Molecular Biology
Cell Biology

Background:

Innate immunity relies on sensors to detect pathogens.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key transmembrane sensors.
Recent research identified cytoplasmic sensors detecting microbial and self-molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide an overview of recent findings on cytoplasmic innate and inflammatory responses.
To highlight the role of cytoplasmic sensors in immunity and autoinflammation.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent research in innate immunity.
Analysis of studies on cytoplasmic sensor pathways.
Synthesis of findings on receptor regulation and disease links.

Main Results:

Discovery of transmembrane Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as host guardians.
Identification of cytoplasmic sensors detecting microbial and self molecules.
Link between overactive cytoplasmic sensors and autoinflammatory disorders.

Conclusions:

Cytoplasmic sensors play a critical role in innate immunity and inflammation.
Tight spatial and temporal regulation of these sensors is crucial.
Understanding these pathways is vital for addressing autoinflammatory diseases.