WITHDRAWN: The Research Excellence Framework (REF): A major impediment to free and informed debate?

Mike Nolan1, Christine Ingleton, Mark Hayter

  • 1Sheffield Institute for Studies on Ageing, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK.

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Limitations of Friedel–Crafts Reactions

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
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