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Related Concept Videos

Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)
10:42

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Published on: December 29, 2016

Synthesis and solid state characterization of hexacoordinated 1:1 ionic gallium(III) complexes.

Alessandra Crispini1, Mauro Ghedini, Irene De Franco

  • 1Centro di Eccellenza CEMIF.CAL, LASCAMM-CR INSTM, Unità INSTM della Calabria, Dipartimento di Chimica-Università della Calabria, 87036, Arcavacata (CS), Italy. a.crispini@unical.it

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|February 20, 2008
PubMed
Summary

New gallium(III) complexes with N,N ligands like 2,2-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline were synthesized. Their structures and photophysical properties were studied, revealing insights into crystal packing and ligand effects.

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Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups
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Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

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Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy
07:49

Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: February 20, 2020

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)
10:42

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Published on: December 29, 2016

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups
08:15

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Published on: February 11, 2012

Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy
07:49

Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: February 20, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Photophysics

Background:

  • Gallium(III) complexes are of interest for their diverse applications.
  • Ionic coordination compounds offer tunable properties based on ligand and counter anion choice.
  • Understanding structure-property relationships is crucial for designing new functional materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel ionic hexacoordinated gallium(III) complexes.
  • To investigate the influence of N,N ligands (2,2-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline) and counter anions (nitrate, hexafluorophosphate) on complex formation and crystal structure.
  • To explore the photophysical properties of these new gallium(III) derivatives in relation to their solid-state characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of ionic hexacoordinated gallium(III) complexes with 2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline, N,N ligands, and specific counter anions.
  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to determine the precise molecular and crystal structures.
  • Comprehensive photophysical property evaluation of the synthesized complexes.

Main Results:

  • Formation of new ionic hexacoordinated gallium(III) complexes with octahedral geometry and a consistent trans conformation of N,N ligands.
  • Detailed analysis of crystal structures, revealing the role of ligands and anions in forming 3D supramolecular networks.
  • Characterization of photophysical properties, correlated with crystalline packing, film crystallinity, and chemical composition.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully synthesized and structurally characterized novel ionic gallium(III) complexes.
  • Ligand and counter anion selection significantly impacts supramolecular assembly and solid-state properties.
  • The findings provide a foundation for developing new gallium(III)-based materials with tailored photophysical characteristics.