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Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents01:28

Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents

Mixed-action adrenergic agonists, like ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, directly and indirectly affect adrenergic receptors. These agents stimulate adrenoceptors and indirectly release stored neurotransmitters, amplifying the adrenergic response.
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine lack a catecholamine group, making them less susceptible to degradation by metabolic enzymes. They have increased oral bioavailability and lipophilicity, resulting in a longer duration of action. Their response is reduced by...
Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
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Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...
CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

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CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its effects by...
Stimulants01:29

Stimulants

Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration
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Published on: January 22, 2016

Methamphetamine use among San Diego County arrestees.

Cynthia Burke1

  • 1Criminal Justice Research, San Diego Association of Governments, San Diego, CA 92101, USA. cbu@sandag.org

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
|February 21, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Methamphetamine use among arrestees in San Diego County was examined using objective measures. Data revealed patterns of use, reasons for initiation, and perceived risks, highlighting community impacts.

Area of Science:

  • Criminology
  • Psychology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program collected objective drug use data from high-risk groups between 1987 and 2003.
  • San Diego County continued ADAM's core components with local funding after national support ceased.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize descriptive data on methamphetamine (meth) use among adult and juvenile arrestees in San Diego County for calendar year 2005.
  • To profile recent meth users, explore reasons for use initiation and continuation, and analyze usage patterns and trends.
  • To examine juveniles' perceived risks of meth use and its community effects.

Main Methods:

  • Data collection involved standard interviews with adult and juvenile arrestees.
  • Urinalysis provided objective measures of recent drug use.

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  • A methamphetamine-specific addendum gathered detailed information on meth use.
  • Main Results:

    • Descriptive data on recent meth users, including initiation reasons, patterns of use, and trends over time, were presented.
    • Information on juveniles' perceived risk associated with meth use was highlighted.
    • Potential community effects of methamphetamine use were discussed.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a profile of methamphetamine users within the arrestee population.
    • Findings offer insights into perceived risks and community impacts, informing policy and future research directions.