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Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Preparedness and Phobias01:09

Preparedness and Phobias

Human fear responses to certain stimuli, such as darkness, heights, deep water, and blood, can often arise despite the absence of direct negative experiences. This phenomenon is rooted in evolutionary psychology, which posits that humans have developed a predisposition to fear stimuli that historically posed significant survival threats. This predisposition, known as preparedness, suggests that early humans who developed a fear of potentially dangerous entities, such as venomous snakes and...
Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...
Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
Chemical Agents for Microbial Control01:27

Chemical Agents for Microbial Control

Chemicals play important roles in controlling microbial growth by targeting microbial structures and functions as sanitizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilants.Alcohols are commonly used sanitizers, effectively disrupting lipid membranes, which compromises cell integrity. They are also used as antiseptics and disinfectants due to their rapid action and versatility.Phenols and their derivatives phenolics , known for denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes, are particularly...
Steps in Outbreak Investigation01:18

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression
10:48

Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression

Published on: May 15, 2014

US Civilian Smallpox Preparedness and Response Program, 2003.

Raymond A Strikas1, Linda J Neff, Lisa Rotz

  • 1National Vaccine Program Office, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, USA.

Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
|March 20, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Smallpox preparedness activities, including vaccine safety monitoring, were implemented post-2001. A novel adverse event, myocarditis/pericarditis, was identified with a specific vaccinia vaccine strain.

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Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 2. General Practices
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Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 2. General Practices

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Vaccinia Reporter Viruses for Quantifying Viral Function at All Stages of Gene Expression
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Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 2. General Practices

Published on: October 3, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Disease Epidemiology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is recognized as a potential bioterrorism threat.
  • Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, public health agencies initiated comprehensive smallpox preparedness measures.
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) played a key role in developing and disseminating preparedness resources.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the multifaceted smallpox preparedness activities undertaken in the United States.
  • To detail the strategies employed for monitoring and responding to adverse events following smallpox vaccination.
  • To identify and characterize newly recognized adverse events associated with smallpox vaccination.

Main Methods:

  • Development and distribution of training and educational materials for smallpox preparedness.
  • Creation of detailed vaccine information statements covering contraindications and care.
  • Enhancement of the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) for improved surveillance.
  • Establishment of a pregnancy registry for inadvertently vaccinated pregnant women.
  • Implementation of a Clinician Telephone Information Line for adverse event reporting.

Main Results:

  • The civilian responder vaccination program demonstrated rigorous safety protocols.
  • Few historically documented adverse events were observed during the vaccination program.
  • Myocarditis and/or pericarditis emerged as a newly identified adverse event linked to the New York City Board of Health vaccinia vaccine strain.
  • The preparedness program successfully enhanced the nation's readiness for a potential smallpox outbreak.

Conclusions:

  • The implemented smallpox preparedness program established robust safety monitoring and response mechanisms.
  • The identification of myocarditis/pericarditis as a novel adverse event underscores the importance of continuous vaccine safety surveillance.
  • The preparedness measures developed for smallpox have broader applications for responding to other public health threats.
  • The program significantly advanced U.S. readiness against bioterrorism threats involving smallpox.