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Related Concept Videos

Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns01:29

Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns

Microorganisms exhibit diverse oxygen requirements and growth patterns driven by their metabolic strategies and environmental adaptations. Oxygen, while essential for many organisms, can also be toxic under certain conditions, shaping how microorganisms grow and survive.Oxygen Requirements of MicroorganismsMicroorganisms are classified based on their ability to use or tolerate oxygen:● Obligate aerobes like Mycobacterium tuberculosis need oxygen for energy production, as it serves as the...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis01:24

Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis

The cardiovascular system regulates the number of erythrocytes in the bloodstream to ensure optimal oxygen transport. It also prevents over-proliferation of these cells, which helps to maintain blood viscosity and flow rate.
Several factors influence the erythrocyte production rate, with tissue oxygen level being among the most critical. Intense exercise or high altitudes can cause tissue hypoxia, which triggers the kidneys to release more erythropoietin (EPO) into the bloodstream.
EPO then...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Affordable Oxygen Microscopy-Assisted Biofabrication of Multicellular Spheroids
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Affordable Oxygen Microscopy-Assisted Biofabrication of Multicellular Spheroids

Published on: April 6, 2022

The role of oxygen availability in embryonic development and stem cell function.

M Celeste Simon1, Brian Keith

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. celeste2@mail.med.upenn.edu

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|February 21, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Low oxygen levels (hypoxia) are crucial for embryonic development, regulating blood, vasculature, and nervous system formation. Hypoxia-inducible factors control stem cell differentiation, offering potential for regenerative medicine.

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Induction of Hypoxia in Living Frog and Zebrafish Embryos
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Induction of Hypoxia in Living Frog and Zebrafish Embryos

Published on: June 26, 2017

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Affordable Oxygen Microscopy-Assisted Biofabrication of Multicellular Spheroids
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Affordable Oxygen Microscopy-Assisted Biofabrication of Multicellular Spheroids

Published on: April 6, 2022

Induction of Hypoxia in Living Frog and Zebrafish Embryos
08:01

Induction of Hypoxia in Living Frog and Zebrafish Embryos

Published on: June 26, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Embryonic development naturally occurs in low oxygen environments (hypoxia).
  • Cells adapt to hypoxia via hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) and other oxygen-homeostasis molecules.
  • Embryonic stem and progenitor cells reside in hypoxic niches, where oxygen levels regulate their behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of hypoxia and HIFs in embryonic development.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms linking hypoxia to stem and progenitor cell differentiation.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of understanding hypoxic regulation in tissue regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on hypoxia, HIFs, and embryonic stem cell biology.
  • Analysis of molecular pathways involved in oxygen homeostasis and cell fate determination.
  • Synthesis of findings to establish a framework for hypoxic control of differentiation.

Main Results:

  • Hypoxia is a key regulator of embryonic organ development, including blood, vasculature, and nervous system.
  • Hypoxia-inducible factors are central mediators of cellular responses to low oxygen.
  • A significant link exists between factors governing stem cell behavior and HIFs, providing a molecular basis for hypoxic differentiation control.

Conclusions:

  • Hypoxia plays a fundamental role in coordinating embryonic development and stem cell differentiation.
  • Understanding the molecular framework of hypoxic control is crucial for advancing regenerative medicine.
  • Targeting hypoxia-related pathways may offer novel therapeutic strategies for tissue regeneration and disease treatment.