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Related Concept Videos

Directional Relays01:25

Directional Relays

Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
Encoding01:19

Encoding

Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.
Design Example01:23

Design Example

The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...
Basic Discrete Time Signals01:16

Basic Discrete Time Signals

The unit step sequence is defined as 1 for zero and positive values of the integer n. This sequence can be graphically displayed using a set of eight sample points, showing a step function starting from n=0 and remaining constant thereafter.
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Parallel Processing01:20

Parallel Processing

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping
09:43

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Published on: March 20, 2017

Four-Channel, 8 x 8 Bit, Two-Dimensional Parallel Transmission by use of Space-Code-Division Multiple-Access Encoder

M Nakamura, K Kitayama, Y Igasaki

    Applied Optics
    |February 21, 2008
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers demonstrated optical space-code-division multiple access (CDMA) for four-channel, 64-bit parallel data links. This technology uses spatial encoding and decoding for high-throughput optical connections.

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    Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

    Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping
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    Microfluidic Platform with Multiplexed Electronic Detection for Spatial Tracking of Particles
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    Published on: March 13, 2017

    Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
    07:45

    Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

    Published on: February 6, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Optical Communications
    • Parallel Processing

    Background:

    • High-throughput data links are crucial for massively parallel processors.
    • Optical space-code-division multiple access (CDMA) offers a potential solution for parallel data transmission.
    • Existing optical CDMA systems face challenges in scalability and data handling capacity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To experimentally demonstrate a four-channel multiplexing system for 64-bit two-dimensional (2-D) parallel data links.
    • To validate the effectiveness of optical spatial encoders and decoders in an optical space-CDMA framework.
    • To explore the feasibility of using high-contrast image fibers for high-capacity optical data transmission.

    Main Methods:

    • Development and implementation of novel optical spatial encoders and a decoder.
    • Utilizing a 9-m-long image fiber with 3 x 10^4 cores for data transmission.
    • Encoding each 8x8 bit plane (64-bit parallel data) with a unique 2-D optical orthogonal signature pattern.
    • Spatially multiplexing encoded bit planes and transmitting them through the image fiber.

    Main Results:

    • Successful demonstration of four-channel multiplexing for 64-bit 2-D parallel data links.
    • Effective optical encoding and decoding of parallel data planes using spatial signature patterns.
    • Transmission of multiplexed data through a long image fiber with high core density.
    • Accurate recovery of input bit planes at the receiver via optical decoding.

    Conclusions:

    • Optical space-CDMA is a viable technology for high-throughput 2-D parallel data links.
    • The developed spatial encoding and decoding modules enable efficient parallel data transmission.
    • This approach holds promise for future interconnects in massively parallel processing systems.