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Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
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Infection01:20

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Remote Laboratory Management: Respiratory Virus Diagnostics
14:56

Remote Laboratory Management: Respiratory Virus Diagnostics

Published on: April 6, 2019

Global trends in emerging infectious diseases.

Kate E Jones1, Nikkita G Patel, Marc A Levy

  • 1Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.

Nature
|February 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are increasing globally, driven by environmental and social factors. Most EIDs originate in wildlife, particularly in lower-latitude regions, yet global resources are misallocated for disease surveillance and control.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Global Health
  • Disease Ecology

Background:

  • Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) pose significant global health and economic threats.
  • Drivers of EID emergence are linked to socio-economic, environmental, and ecological factors.
  • Previous studies lacked comparative analysis of global EID patterns and drivers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze global temporal and spatial patterns of EID origins.
  • To identify correlations between EID emergence and socio-economic, environmental, and ecological factors.
  • To pinpoint regions at high risk for future EID emergence ('hotspots').

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a database of 335 EID events from 1940 to 2004.
  • Statistical analysis to control for reporting bias and identify temporal trends.
  • Correlation analysis to link EID origins with various global factors.

Main Results:

  • EID events have significantly increased over time, peaking in the 1980s.
  • Zoonoses, primarily from wildlife, dominate EID events and are increasing.
  • Bacterial and rickettsial EIDs are prevalent, indicating a rise in drug-resistant microbes.
  • EID origins correlate significantly with socio-economic, environmental, and ecological factors.
  • Lower latitudes with low reporting effort show a high risk for zoonotic and vector-borne EIDs.

Conclusions:

  • Global resources for EID surveillance and control are poorly allocated.
  • Current efforts are concentrated in regions less likely to be sources of future EIDs.
  • Identifying EID 'hotspots' is crucial for effective global health security.