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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of the Cardiovascular System01:27

Regulation of the Cardiovascular System

The regulation of the cardiovascular system allows the body to adapt to various demands and maintain homeostasis.
The regulation of the cardiovascular system involves the autonomic nervous system (ANS), baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors, ensuring that heart rate and blood pressure are appropriately modulated in response to varying physiological demands.
The ANS comprises two main divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system enhances...
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory organs,...
G Protein-coupled Receptors01:15

G Protein-coupled Receptors

G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical, 7TM, or serpentine receptors, and consist of seven (H1-H7) transmembrane alpha-helices that span the bilayer to form a cylindrical core. The transmembrane helices are connected by three extracellular loops and three...
G Protein-coupled Receptors01:15

G Protein-coupled Receptors

G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
GPCRs are also called heptahelical, 7TM, or serpentine receptors, and consist of seven (H1-H7) transmembrane alpha-helices that span the bilayer to form a cylindrical core. The transmembrane helices are connected by three extracellular loops and three...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells
07:22

Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells

Published on: March 28, 2013

PPAR-gamma in the Cardiovascular System.

Sheng Zhong Duan1, Christine Y Ivashchenko, Michael G Usher

  • 1Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

PPAR Research
|February 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) is crucial for metabolism and cardiovascular health. While its agonists show benefits, recent studies question their cardiovascular safety, highlighting complex interactions.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells
07:22

Isolation and Differentiation of Stromal Vascular Cells to Beige/Brite Cells

Published on: March 28, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiovascular research

Background:

  • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) regulates adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and glucose homeostasis.
  • PPAR-gamma is implicated in inflammatory cells and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) including hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and atherosclerosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of PPAR-gamma in metabolic regulation and cardiovascular health.
  • To examine the cardiovascular effects of PPAR-gamma agonists (thiazolidinediones, TZDs).
  • To discuss the implications of human genetic studies and recent controversial clinical findings on PPAR-gamma and CVD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PPAR-gamma's function in metabolic and inflammatory processes.
  • Analysis of studies on thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in insulin resistance, lipid profiles, blood pressure, and atherosclerosis.
  • Examination of human genetic data linking PPAR-gamma variations to CVD.
  • Consideration of recent clinical trial outcomes regarding PPAR-gamma agonists and cardiovascular events.

Main Results:

  • PPAR-gamma agonists (TZDs) improve insulin sensitivity, lower glucose, reduce lipids, decrease blood pressure, and mitigate atherosclerosis in models of insulin resistance.
  • Human genetic studies associate functional PPAR-gamma changes with increased CVD risk.
  • Recent clinical studies present conflicting data on the cardiovascular safety of PPAR-gamma agonists.

Conclusions:

  • PPAR-gamma plays a significant role in both metabolic regulation and cardiovascular pathophysiology.
  • While TZDs offer metabolic benefits, their cardiovascular impact requires careful consideration due to complex and sometimes controversial findings.
  • Future research should focus on elucidating the intricate relationship between PPAR-gamma, metabolic factors, and cardiovascular disease progression.