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Related Concept Videos

Enhanced Elimination of Poison01:26

Enhanced Elimination of Poison

Poison can be effectively removed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through various decontamination procedures.
Antidotes serve a crucial role in counteracting the effects of poison by inhibiting enzymes responsible for producing harmful drug metabolites. In some cases, these toxic metabolites can be neutralized by endogenous cosubstrates, which are maintained at specific concentrations to prevent interaction with cellular macromolecules and subsequent cell death.
Renal excretion is the...
Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation01:22

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation

Glutathione, a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, is a critical player in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics via a process known as glutathione conjugation or mercapturic acid formation. This phase II biotransformation reaction involves the covalent binding of glutathione to a drug or its metabolite, enhancing the compound's water solubility and enabling its excretion.
Several distinctive characteristics distinguish glutathione conjugation from other phase II...
Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
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Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a significant...
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Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions

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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

A Tailored HPLC Purification Protocol That Yields High-purity Amyloid Beta 42 and Amyloid Beta 40 Peptides, Capable of Oligomer Formation
06:34

A Tailored HPLC Purification Protocol That Yields High-purity Amyloid Beta 42 and Amyloid Beta 40 Peptides, Capable of Oligomer Formation

Published on: March 27, 2017

Detoxification depot for beta-amyloid peptides.

Ranjini K Sundaram1, Chinnaswamy Kasinathan, Stanley Stein

  • 1Recombinant Technologies LLC, Cheshire, CT 06410, USA.

Current Alzheimer Research
|February 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel detox gel system designed to capture toxic amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides implicated in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The gel, incorporating retro-inverso peptides, effectively binds Abeta-42, offering a potential new therapeutic strategy.

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A11-positive β-amyloid Oligomer Preparation and Assessment Using Dot Blotting Analysis
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A11-positive β-amyloid Oligomer Preparation and Assessment Using Dot Blotting Analysis

Published on: May 22, 2018

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

A Tailored HPLC Purification Protocol That Yields High-purity Amyloid Beta 42 and Amyloid Beta 40 Peptides, Capable of Oligomer Formation
06:34

A Tailored HPLC Purification Protocol That Yields High-purity Amyloid Beta 42 and Amyloid Beta 40 Peptides, Capable of Oligomer Formation

Published on: March 27, 2017

A11-positive β-amyloid Oligomer Preparation and Assessment Using Dot Blotting Analysis
06:17

A11-positive β-amyloid Oligomer Preparation and Assessment Using Dot Blotting Analysis

Published on: May 22, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathogenesis involves the accumulation of toxic amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides in the brain.
  • Current AD treatments offer limited efficacy, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies targeting Abeta clearance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a novel detox gel system for capturing and removing toxic Abeta peptides.
  • To investigate the binding capacity of retro-inverso (RI) peptides integrated into a poly ethylene glycol (PEG) based gel for Abeta-42.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of retro-inverso (RI) peptides based on the Abeta-42 sequence (KLVFF).
  • Development of a detox gel system by polymerizing and cross-linking poly ethylene glycol (PEG) with RI peptides.
  • In vitro assessment of the detox gel's ability to capture biotinylated Abeta-42 peptides.

Main Results:

  • The developed detox gels demonstrated effective and irreversible binding of Abeta-42 peptides.
  • Gels incorporating the tetramer RI peptide showed the highest binding capacity for Abeta-42.
  • The RI peptide-PEG gel system functions as a 'sink' for capturing Abeta peptides.

Conclusions:

  • The novel detox gel system shows promise as a potential therapeutic approach for depleting toxic amyloid peptides in Alzheimer's Disease.
  • This strategy could help slow or halt the progression of neurodegeneration associated with Abeta deposition.