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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

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HIV genes diversify in B cells.

Samuel J Balin1, Ted M Ross, Jeffrey L Platt

  • 1Transplantation Biology Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.

Current HIV Research
|February 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can mutate within B cells, potentially evading immune responses and drug treatments. This study shows HIV envelope genes diversify in B cells, contributing to viral persistence and drug resistance.

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Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques
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Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

Published on: September 25, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Host cell mutation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can inhibit viral spread by creating non-functional variants.
  • However, viral mutation can also promote HIV persistence by generating functional variants that evade immunity or drugs.
  • The specific mechanisms and locations of HIV mutation within host cells remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether HIV can utilize the B cell somatic hypermutation machinery for diversification.
  • To determine if the HIV envelope coding sequence can diversify within B cells.
  • To explore the potential role of B cells in HIV evasion and drug resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Transfection of an HIV envelope coding sequence into B cells.
  • Analysis of viral sequence mutation patterns within B cells.
  • Assessment of viral protein variant production.

Main Results:

  • The HIV envelope coding sequence transfected into B cells exhibited mutation patterns consistent with somatic hypermutation.
  • This process led to the production of diverse viral protein variants.
  • B cells were demonstrated to express and diversify HIV proteins.

Conclusions:

  • B cells possess the capability to express and diversify human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteins.
  • This diversification within B cells may contribute to HIV's ability to evade host immunity.
  • B cell-mediated HIV diversification could play a role in the development of multi-drug resistance in HIV infections.