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Related Concept Videos

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and HCO3−  values are examined to...
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
Tonicity in Animals00:59

Tonicity in Animals

The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
Tonicity in Animals01:16

Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside the cell,...

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Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device
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Experimentally induced systemic hyperchloremic acidosis in calves.

A Gentile1, I Lorenz, S Sconza

  • 1Veterinary Clinical Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. arcangelo.gentile@unibo.it

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
|February 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Induced acidemia in calves did not cause clinical signs, suggesting other factors are key in neonatal diarrhea. This research impacts calf health management and understanding metabolic disturbances.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Animal Physiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Metabolic disturbances, including acidemia, are common in calves with neonatal diarrhea or ruminal acidosis.
  • Accurate assessment of metabolic acidosis severity based solely on clinical signs in calves remains challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if inducing metabolic acidosis in healthy calves replicates the clinical presentation of naturally occurring calf diarrhea or acidosis.

Main Methods:

  • Fifteen Holstein calves (5-19 days old) underwent induced hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.
  • Intravenous infusion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in saline solution over 80 minutes.

Main Results:

  • Rapidly induced acidemia reached a mean base deficit of 22.4 mM/L.
  • Despite severe acid-base imbalance, calves exhibited no clinical signs or appetite depression.

Conclusions:

  • Acid-base disturbance alone does not fully explain the clinical picture of neonatal calf diarrhea or ruminal acidosis.
  • Clinical signs in affected calves likely stem from factors beyond acidemia, necessitating a broader diagnostic approach.