Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Multiple sclerosis patients under treatment with interferon β1-a or ocrelizumab exhibit different T and B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

The immunoregulatory role of progesterone during embryo implantation and pregnancy.

Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM·2026
Same author

Physical exercise modulates T cell activity and mitigates synaptic dysfunction in multiple sclerosis through vagus nerve engagement.

Brain, behavior, and immunity·2026
Same author

Immunophenotypic skewing of B cells toward IgD⁻CD27⁻IgG⁺ subtype and metabolic attenuation in colorectal cancer.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Effect of dynamics and timing of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on immune response in people with multiple sclerosis during cladribine treatment.

Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)·2026
Same author

Multiple sclerosis-associated EBNA2 variants influence the response to peginterferon beta-1a therapy.

Journal of autoimmunity·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
07:17

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

Regulatory CD4 T cells: sensing the environment.

Giuseppe Matarese1, Veronica De Rosa, Antonio La Cava

  • 1Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Italy. gmatarese@napoli.com

Trends in Immunology
|February 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) exhibit immunosuppression not from hyporesponsiveness, but from environmental cues. Their local microenvironment dictates whether Tregs remain anergic or proliferate, influencing immune responses.

More Related Videos

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.
08:11

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Published on: September 1, 2015

New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals
09:27

New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals

Published on: May 30, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
07:17

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

Published on: June 22, 2016

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.
08:11

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Published on: September 1, 2015

New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals
09:27

New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals

Published on: May 30, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known for immunosuppression but paradoxically display an activated phenotype with proliferative capacity.
  • Classical understanding links Treg function to hyporesponsiveness, contradicting observed cellular states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the microenvironment in modulating Treg responsiveness.
  • To reconcile the apparent paradox between Treg immunosuppressive function and their activated phenotype.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of recent biochemical reports on intracellular signaling pathways in activated CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs.
  • Theoretical framework integrating environmental influences on Treg signaling.

Main Results:

  • Treg responsiveness is heavily influenced by the local microenvironment.
  • The ability of Tregs to sense and respond to extracellular stimuli modulates intracellular signaling.
  • Environmental interactions determine Treg functional outcomes, leading to distinct quantitative and qualitative results.

Conclusions:

  • Treg anergy or proliferation is determined by their interaction with the extracellular milieu.
  • Microenvironmental factors are critical regulators of Treg function and immune modulation.