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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Monitoring Blood Glucose in Mouse Offspring After Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

Monitoring Blood Glucose in Mouse Offspring After Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

Published on: May 17, 2024

Legal developments in assisted reproduction.

Bernard M Dickens¹

¹Faculty of Law, Faculty of Medicine and Joint Centre for Bioethics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. bernard.dickens@utoronto.ca

International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics

|February 22, 2008

Summary

Legal rulings on reproductive technologies consistently uphold voluntary parenthood for in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos. However, child custody in surrogacy and regulations surrounding preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) present complex legal challenges.

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Area of Science:

Reproductive Law
Bioethics
Family Law

Background:

Legal frameworks surrounding assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are evolving.
Disputes over jointly created IVF embryos and surrogacy arrangements present unique legal challenges.
International variations in ART regulations create complexities for cross-border reproductive services.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze court consistency in reproductive technology disputes.
To examine the legal considerations in surrogacy and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD).
To explore the implications of international travel for ART services.

Main Methods:

Review of legal precedents and court decisions regarding reproductive technologies.
Analysis of statutory regulations governing PGD and surrogacy.
Examination of international laws pertaining to cross-border ART services.

Main Results:

Courts generally support voluntary parenthood, allowing veto power over jointly created IVF embryos.
Child custody in surrogacy cases prioritizes the best interests of the child, with varied outcomes.
PGD regulations and international ART travel present significant legal and ethical considerations.

Conclusions:

Legal principles of voluntary parenthood are consistently applied to IVF embryos.
Surrogacy and PGD raise complex legal questions concerning parental rights and child welfare.
Navigating international ART laws requires careful consideration of both domestic prohibitions and foreign legality.