Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Beer–Lambert Law

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Beer–Lambert Law

The Beer-Lambert law describes the relationship between absorbance and concentration, which combines the principles established by scientists Johann Heinrich Lambert and August Beer. Lambert's law states that when light passes through a medium, the loss in intensity is directly proportional to the original intensity and the path length of the light. Beer's law proposed that the transmittance of a solution remains constant if the product of concentration and path length is constant. The modern...

Major Losses in Pipes

Major Losses in Pipes

When a fluid flows through a pipe, it experiences energy losses due to frictional resistance along the pipe walls, known as major losses. These energy losses result in a pressure drop, which varies based on the flow conditions — whether laminar or turbulent — and the specific physical properties of the fluid and pipe.
Fluid flow can be classified as laminar or turbulent, primarily based on the Reynolds number. This dimensionless number reflects the relative influence of inertial to viscous...

Surface Area Calculations

Surface Area Calculations

Surface area calculations for a graph z = f(x, y) are fundamental in engineering applications involving curved structures such as satellite dishes. A parabolic dish reflects communication signals efficiently, but engineers must determine its exact curved surface area to estimate coating materials, fabrication costs, and structural requirements. Since the rim of the dish forms a circular boundary, the surface area is calculated over a circular domain in the xy-plane.Parametric Representation of...

Simpson's Rule II

Simpson's Rule II

In warehouse roofing applications, corrugated or curved metal sheets are commonly used to improve structural strength, water drainage, and ventilation efficiency. To accurately estimate material requirements and optimize design parameters, engineers must determine the curved surface area of these sheets. Because the sheet profiles often repeat smoothly along their length, they can be effectively approximated by parabolic curves, enabling the use of numerical integration techniques for area...

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules

UV–Vis Spectroscopy: Woodward–Fieser Rules

UV–Visible absorption spectra of conjugated dienes arise from the lowest energy π&VeryThinSpace;→&VeryThinSpace;π* transitions. The light-absorbing part of the molecule is called the chromophore, and the substituents directly attached to the chromophore are called auxochromes. A strong correlation exists between the absorption maxima, λmax, and the structure of a conjugated π system. The Woodward–Fieser rules predict the value of λmax for a given structure by adding the contributions...

Boundary Conditions: Lossless Lines

Boundary Conditions: Lossless Lines

Consider a single-phase, two-wire, lossless transmission line terminated by an impedance at the receiving end and a source with Thevenin voltage and impedance at the sending end. The line, with length, has a surge impedance and wave velocity determined by the line's inductance and capacitance.
At the receiving end, the boundary condition states that the voltage equals the product of the receiving-end impedance and current. This relationship is expressed as a function of the incident and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Immersive robotic colorectal training in the United Kingdom is safe and efficient.

Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England·2025

Same author

Scaling robotic surgery: the role, responsibilities and challenges of robotic proctorship in colorectal surgery.

Journal of robotic surgery·2025

Same author

The UK VIRTUS helmet: User feedback from Operation TORAL in Afghanistan.

Applied ergonomics·2024

Same author

Perspectives on tolerability and reasonableness.

Journal of radiological protection : official journal of the Society for Radiological Protection·2022

Same author

IRPA practical guidance for engagement with the public on radiation and risk.

Journal of radiological protection : official journal of the Society for Radiological Protection·2021

Same author

Re: BJOG Debate. Induction of labour should be offered to all women at term. FOR: Induction of labour should be offered at term.

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology·2021

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

Published on: March 2, 2021

An empirical formula for computing the Beckmann-Spizzichino surface reflection loss coefficient.

¹Sch. of Inf. Syst., East Anglia Univ., Norwich.

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control

|January 1, 1988

Summary

A new empirical formula accurately calculates the reflection coefficient for rough sea surfaces. This formula, derived from the Beckmann-Spizzichino model, uses wind speed, incidence angle, and frequency, offering a simpler approach for radar and communication systems.

More Related Videos

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

Published on: August 13, 2019

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Published on: July 1, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

Published on: March 2, 2021

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

Interfacial Molecular-level Structures of Polymers and Biomacromolecules Revealed via Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy

Published on: August 13, 2019

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Published on: July 1, 2019

Area of Science:

Oceanography
Electromagnetics
Applied Physics

Background:

Accurate modeling of sea surface reflection is crucial for radar, sonar, and communication systems operating over water.
Existing models, like the Beckmann-Spizzichino model, provide a basis for understanding electromagnetic wave interactions with rough surfaces.
Simpler, yet accurate, empirical formulas can enhance the efficiency of simulations and real-time applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a simplified empirical formula for calculating the reflection coefficient of a rough-sea surface.
To ensure the new formula closely approximates the results of the established Beckmann-Spizzichino loss model.
To provide error contours for a quantitative assessment of the formula's accuracy.

Main Methods:

Derivation of an empirical formula based on the principles of the Beckmann-Spizzichino model.
Utilizing wind speed, angle of incidence, and frequency as key input parameters.
Generating error contours to visually and numerically compare the empirical formula with the parent model.

Main Results:

A simple empirical formula for sea surface reflection coefficient was successfully derived.
The formula demonstrates a close fit to the Beckmann-Spizzichino loss model across various parameters.
Error contour analysis confirms the high accuracy and reliability of the proposed empirical approach.

Conclusions:

The presented empirical formula offers a computationally efficient and accurate method for estimating sea surface reflection coefficients.
This simplified model is suitable for applications requiring rapid calculations, such as real-time radar processing and communication link analysis.
The findings validate the utility of empirical modeling in electromagnetics for complex natural surfaces.