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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat
Published on: September 12, 2014
Marlies A van Duinen1, Koen R J Schruers, Gunter R L Kenis
1School of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. marlies.vanduinen@pn.unimaas.nl
This study found no changes in immune system markers or function in panic disorder (PD) patients during experimentally induced panic attacks. This suggests the immune system and HPA axis may not be involved in PD etiology.
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