Endocannabinoids and liver disease. IV. Endocannabinoid involvement in obesity and hepatic steatosis

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipid mediators that interact with the same receptors as plant-derived cannabinoids to produce similar biological effects. The well-known appetitive effect of smoking marijuana has prompted inquiries into the possible role of endocannabinoids in the control of food intake and body weight. This brief review surveys recent evidence that endocannabinoids and their receptors are involved at multiple levels in the control of energy homeostasis. Endocannabinoids are orexigenic mediators and are part of the leptin-regulated central neural circuitry that controls energy intake. In addition, they act at multiple peripheral sites including adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle to promote lipogenesis and limit fat elimination. Their complex actions could be viewed as anabolic, increasing energy intake and storage and decreasing energy expenditure, as components of an evolutionarily conserved system that has insured survival under conditions of starvation. In the era of plentiful food and limited physical activity, pharmacological inhibition of endocannabinoid activity offers benefits in the treatment of obesity and its hormonal/metabolic consequences.