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Related Concept Videos

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral chromosome underwent...
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
04:52

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

Published on: February 3, 2023

Addressing chromosome evolution in the whole-genome sequence era.

Thomas Faraut1

  • 1Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire, UMR 444 INRA/ENVT, INRA Toulouse, BP 52627, , 31326, Castanet Tolosan Cedex, France. Thomas.Faraut@toulouse.inra.fr

Chromosome Research : an International Journal on the Molecular, Supramolecular and Evolutionary Aspects of Chromosome Biology
|February 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study reviews chromosome evolution, integrating cytogenetic and computational methods for ancestral karyotype reconstruction. Advances in whole-genome sequencing enhance our understanding of conserved karyotypes across species.

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

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G2-seq: A High Throughput Sequencing-based Technique for Identifying Late Replicating Regions of the Genome

Published on: March 22, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Karyotype evolution has been studied since the mid-20th century.
  • Related species exhibit remarkable karyotype conservation.
  • Whole-genome sequencing offers new avenues for studying karyotype conservation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in computational biology for chromosome evolution.
  • To explore ancestral karyotype reconstruction methods.
  • To provide an integrated overview of cytogenetic and computational approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative chromosome sequence analysis.
  • Computational biology methods for karyotype evolution.
  • Review of existing cytogenetic and sequencing data.

Main Results:

  • Emerging computational tools complement traditional cytogenetic methods.
  • Whole-genome sequencing facilitates detailed chromosome sequence comparison.
  • Advances enable more accurate ancestral karyotype reconstruction.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating cytogenetic and computational approaches enhances the study of chromosome evolution.
  • Computational biology is crucial for understanding karyotype conservation and ancestral states.
  • Future research will benefit from combined methodologies and large-scale sequencing data.