[Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers and trials to substitute red blood cells]

The idea to develop a blood substitute was stimulated by the need of military in the last two world wars and by transmission of pathogenic germs (Hepatitis B in 1960, HIV in 1980 and Hepatitis C in 1990) during blood transfusion that limited the donor blood transfusion. There are two main groups of blood substitutes: perfluorocarbon emulsions and hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC). These latter are of natural origin: human, bovine or recombinant and undergo three modifications types: chemicals (intramolecular cross-linking, polymerisation, conjugation to macromolecules and combination of several chemical modifications), genetics or technological by microencapsulation. HBOCs are in different phases of clinical trials and some of them present side effects (hemodynamic and oxidative). The understanding of these effects and the possibility of correcting them, condition their use on a large scale and the economic consequences, which they can generate.