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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...

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Related Experiment Video

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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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Maize genome structure variation: interplay between retrotransposon polymorphisms and genic recombination.

Hugo K Dooner1, Limei He

  • 1Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA. dooner@waksman.rutgers.edu

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Summary

Maize retrotransposons, though generally inactive, can influence genetic recombination. Their presence reduced the genetic distance between markers, impacting the relationship between genetic and physical distances in maize.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Maize (Zea mays) retrotransposons are typically recombinationally inert.
  • Highly polymorphic maize haplotypes raise questions about retrotransposon effects on local recombination.
  • Understanding intergenic retrotransposon impact is crucial for maize genetic studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the local effect of intergenic retrotransposons on recombination in maize.
  • To compare recombination rates in a genetic interval with and without a retrotransposon cluster.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized three maize bz1 locus haplotypes (McC, B73, W22) in a uniform genetic background.
  • Analyzed recombination between bz1 and stc1 markers in heterozygotes differing by a 26-kb retrotransposon cluster.
  • Employed Ds and Ac markers for genetic screening via seed pigmentation and sequenced 239 recombination junctions.

Main Results:

  • The genetic distance between bz1 and stc1 markers was twofold smaller in the presence of the retrotransposon cluster.
  • Recombination reduction was observed in bz1 and stc1 regions, with no recombination in the intergenic region.
  • Intragenic recombination shuffled flanking retrotransposon clusters, creating chimeric haplotypes and altering physical marker distances.

Conclusions:

  • Intergenic retrotransposon clusters significantly reduce genetic distance between flanking markers in maize.
  • Haplotype structure profoundly influences the correlation between genetic and physical distances.
  • Retrotransposons can indirectly affect genome structure and recombination patterns through haplotype interactions.