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Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80% of...

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such as Proteus,...

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

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Acute pancreatitis is the sudden inflammation of the pancreas caused by the early activation of digestive enzymes, leading to the autodigestion of pancreatic tissue. This results in local inflammation and, in severe cases, systemic complications.EtiologyUnderstanding the underlying causes is crucial, as identifying the etiology guides treatment and anticipates complications. Acute pancreatitis can be triggered by various factors, typically grouped into the following clinical categories.Biliary...

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It can be either acute or chronic.
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:

Acute Pharyngitis

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

A Delayed Inoculation Model of Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Wound Infection

A Delayed Inoculation Model of Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Wound Infection

Published on: February 20, 2020

Acute and chronic paronychia.

Dimitris Rigopoulos¹, George Larios, Stamatis Gregoriou

¹Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece. drigop@hol.gr

American Family Physician

|February 27, 2008

Summary

Paronychia, an inflammation of nail folds, presents acutely due to trauma or chronically from irritants. Treatments vary from compresses and antibiotics for acute cases to topical steroids and antifungals for chronic paronychia.

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

A Delayed Inoculation Model of Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Wound Infection

A Delayed Inoculation Model of Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Wound Infection

Published on: February 20, 2020

Area of Science:

Dermatology
Infectious Diseases
Nail Disorders

Background:

Paronychia is an inflammation affecting the nail folds of fingers or toes.
It is classified into acute and chronic forms, each with distinct causes and management strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize the classification, causes, and treatment options for acute and chronic paronychia.
To differentiate management approaches based on the type of paronychia.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on paronychia classification and treatment.
Analysis of etiological factors for acute (trauma) and chronic (irritants/allergens) paronychia.
Compilation of therapeutic interventions for both forms, including topical and oral medications, and surgical options.

Main Results:

Acute paronychia often results from trauma, treated with warm compresses, topical/oral antibiotics, or surgical drainage.
Chronic paronychia is multifactorial, requiring avoidance of irritants and treatment with topical antifungals and corticosteroids.
Topical steroids are more effective than systemic antifungals for chronic paronychia; surgical options exist for recalcitrant cases.

Conclusions:

Effective management of paronychia depends on accurate classification into acute or chronic forms.
Treatment strategies should address the underlying cause, whether infectious or inflammatory, and employ appropriate topical or systemic therapies.
Surgical interventions are reserved for severe or refractory cases of paronychia.