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Related Concept Videos

Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes01:23

Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes

Hagen-Poiseuille flow describes a viscous fluid's steady, incompressible flow through a cylindrical tube with a constant radius R. This flow profile is often applied to understand fluid transport in narrow channels, such as capillaries. It serves as a foundational example of laminar flow. In this model, cylindrical coordinates (r,θ,z) are used to describe the radial (r), angular (θ), and axial (z) dimensions within the tube. For Hagen-Poiseuille flow, the velocity profile is purely axial,...
Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Along a Streamline01:30

Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Along a Streamline

Bernoulli's equation relates the energy conservation in a fluid moving along a streamline. The equation applies to incompressible and inviscid fluids under steady flow. For such a flow, Newton's second law is applied to a small fluid element, which experiences forces due to pressure differences, gravity, and velocity variations. The force balance leads to the following form of Bernoulli's equation:
Typical Model Studies01:30

Typical Model Studies

Fluid mechanics model studies often utilize scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior in full-scale environments, such as river flows, dam spillways, and structures interacting with open surfaces. Maintaining Froude number similarity in river models is crucial, as it replicates surface flow features like wave patterns and velocities.
Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Normal to a Streamline01:16

Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Normal to a Streamline

Bernoulli's equation for flow normal to a streamline explains how pressure varies across curved streamlines due to the outward centrifugal forces induced by the fluid's curvature. The pressure is higher on the inner side of the curve, near the center of curvature, and decreases outward to balance these centrifugal forces.
The pressure difference depends on the fluid's velocity and radius of curvature. The pressure variation is minimal in flows with nearly straight streamlines. However, the...
Turbulent Flow01:24

Turbulent Flow

Turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in velocity and pressure, which result in a chaotic fluid movement distinct from the orderly patterns of laminar flow. While laminar flow is governed by smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing, turbulent flow exhibits highly irregular, three-dimensional patterns. This behavior arises due to instabilities in the fluid's velocity profile, and amplifies as the flow velocity increases. Minor disturbances, known as turbulent spots,...
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Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For example, wind—the fluid motion of air in the atmosphere—can be represented by vectors indicating the speed and direction of the wind at any given point on a map. Another method for representing fluid motion is a streamline. A streamline represents the path of a small volume of fluid as it flows. When the flow pattern changes with time, the streamlines...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Experimental Investigation of Secondary Flow Structures Downstream of a Model Type IV Stent Failure in a 180° Curved Artery Test Section
11:00

Experimental Investigation of Secondary Flow Structures Downstream of a Model Type IV Stent Failure in a 180° Curved Artery Test Section

Published on: July 19, 2016

Modeling transition to turbulence in eccentric stenotic flows.

Sonu S Varghese1, Steven H Frankel, Paul F Fischer

  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
|February 27, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Turbulence models struggle to predict flow after an idealized eccentric stenosis. Current models, including large eddy simulation, fail to capture the transition to turbulence, highlighting the need for improved models in hemodynamics.

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Experimental Investigation of Secondary Flow Structures Downstream of a Model Type IV Stent Failure in a 180° Curved Artery Test Section
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Published on: July 19, 2016

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Computational fluid dynamics
  • Biomedical engineering

Background:

  • Accurate prediction of blood flow is crucial in understanding cardiovascular diseases.
  • Turbulence models are widely used in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for hemodynamic simulations.
  • Stenosis, a narrowing of blood vessels, can lead to complex flow patterns and turbulence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the accuracy of various turbulence models in predicting flow distal to an idealized eccentric stenosis.
  • To assess the capability of current models, including large eddy simulation, in capturing poststenotic transitional flow.
  • To identify the need for advancements in turbulence modeling for low-Reynolds number, separated transitional flows in hemodynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of mean flow predictions from multiple turbulence models against direct numerical simulation (DNS) data.
  • Analysis of flow behavior in the poststenotic region of an idealized eccentric stenosis.
  • Evaluation of turbulence model performance in low-Reynolds number, separated transitional flow regimes.

Main Results:

  • Significant disagreement between turbulence model predictions and DNS results for mean flow distal to the stenosis.
  • Inability of widely used turbulence models, including large eddy simulation, to accurately capture the transition to turbulence poststenosis.
  • Demonstrated inadequacy of current models for simulating hemodynamically relevant transitional flows.

Conclusions:

  • Existing turbulence models are insufficient for accurately predicting flow dynamics in the poststenotic region.
  • Further development of turbulence models is required for low-Reynolds number, separated transitional flows.
  • Enhanced turbulence models are necessary for reliable hemodynamic simulations under conditions prone to turbulence development.