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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in the Diagnosis and Management of Dry Eye: A Focus on Imaging Protocols and Interpretation

In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in the Diagnosis and Management of Dry Eye: A Focus on Imaging Protocols and Interpretation

Published on: November 11, 2025

Canine conjunctivitis and blepharitis.

M A Teresa Peña¹, Marta Leiva

¹Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. teresa.pena@uab.cat

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice

|February 27, 2008

Summary

This review covers immune-mediated eyelid and conjunctival disorders in dogs, including primary autoimmune conditions and secondary diseases triggered by infections or drugs.

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Published on: August 4, 2022

Area of Science:

Veterinary Ophthalmology
Immunology

Background:

Eyelids and conjunctiva possess significant immune activity with abundant vasculature and immune cells.
Immune-mediated conditions can affect these ocular structures independently or alongside systemic illness.

Purpose of the Study:

To review key autoimmune and immune-mediated disorders of the eyelid and conjunctiva in dogs.
To categorize these diseases into primary autoimmune and secondary immune-mediated types.

Main Methods:

Literature review of autoimmune and immune-mediated blepharoconjunctival diseases in canine medicine.
Classification of disorders based on etiology: primary autoimmune versus secondary immune-mediated.

Main Results:

Discussion of primary autoimmune blepharoconjunctivitis.
Exploration of secondary immune-mediated conditions caused by infectious agents and drugs.

Conclusions:

Understanding the distinction between primary and secondary immune-mediated blepharoconjunctival diseases is crucial for diagnosis and treatment in dogs.
This review provides a comprehensive overview of significant immune-mediated ocular surface disorders in veterinary patients.