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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in the Diagnosis and Management of Dry Eye: A Focus on Imaging Protocols and Interpretation
Published on: November 11, 2025
Canine conjunctivitis and blepharitis
1Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. teresa.pena@uab.cat
Abstract:
The eyelids and conjunctiva are immunologically active structures with an extensive presence of blood vessels, lymphatics, and immune cells. Several immune-mediated phenomena can involve these structures either in isolation or in association with systemic clinical features. Immune-mediated blepharoconjunctival diseases are divided into two main categories: primary autoimmune disease in which the disease results from an attack against self-antigens and secondary immune-mediated disease in which the disorder results from exogenous material inducing autoimmune disease. Such causes of secondary immune-mediated disease include infectious agents and drugs. This article reviews the most important autoimmune and immune-mediated eyelid and conjunctival disorders in dogs.
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