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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Multi-Modal Signals for Analyzing Pain Responses to Thermal and Electrical Stimuli
09:16

Multi-Modal Signals for Analyzing Pain Responses to Thermal and Electrical Stimuli

Published on: April 5, 2019

Differences in electrical stimulation thresholds between men and women.

Nicola A Maffiuletti1, Azael J Herrero, Marc Jubeau

  • 1Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland. nicola.maffiuletti@kws.ch

Annals of Neurology
|February 27, 2008
PubMed
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Women exhibit heightened sensitivity to electrical stimulation (ES) of skeletal muscles, requiring lower currents for motor responses and reporting greater pain at lower stimulation levels compared to men. This suggests sex-specific neurophysiological differences influencing ES outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Physiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Surface electrical stimulation (ES) is widely used clinically for skeletal muscle activation in diverse populations.
  • Potential sex-based differences in ES response, possibly due to variations in subcutaneous adipose tissue, remain underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sex-specific differences in sensory, motor, and supramotor thresholds during surface ES of the quadriceps femoris muscle.
  • To compare perceived pain levels between men and women undergoing electrical stimulation.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated sensory, motor, and supramotor thresholds in 40 healthy volunteers (20 men, 20 women).
  • Measured current perception, knee extension torque, and pain perception using the Visual Analogue Scale during quadriceps femoris ES.

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Multi-Modal Signals for Analyzing Pain Responses to Thermal and Electrical Stimuli
09:16

Multi-Modal Signals for Analyzing Pain Responses to Thermal and Electrical Stimuli

Published on: April 5, 2019

Transcranial Electrical Brain Stimulation in Alert Rodents
10:08

Transcranial Electrical Brain Stimulation in Alert Rodents

Published on: November 2, 2017

Main Results:

  • Women demonstrated significantly lower sensory thresholds (-43%) and required lower current amplitudes for supramotor thresholds (-17%) compared to men.
  • Women reported significantly higher pain scores at the motor threshold (+112%) but not at the supramotor threshold.

Conclusions:

  • Female subjects exhibit higher sensory and supramotor excitability to surface ES.
  • Findings suggest neurophysiological sex differences contributing to more pronounced pain perception in women during ES.
  • Results can inform sex-specific ES treatment protocols for improved patient care and safety.