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Related Experiment Videos

Combining shape and position expectancies: hierarchical processing and selective inhibition.

A Klingstone1, R Klein

  • 1Age and Cognitive Performance Research Center, University of Manchester, England.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance
|May 1, 1991
PubMed
Summary

Generating concurrent position and form expectancies influences reaction times (RT). Faster RTs occurred with expected stimuli, but unexpected stimuli showed slower RTs for likely shapes, challenging probability-matching hypotheses.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human Information Processing
  • Attention Research

Background:

  • Attentional selectivity is influenced by pre-stimulus expectancies.
  • Previous research, like Lambert and Hockey (1986), demonstrated effects of single expectancies on performance.
  • Understanding how concurrent expectancies interact is crucial for cognitive models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the combined effects of position and form expectancies on speeded response times.
  • To test the predictions of the probability-matching hypothesis in a dual-expectancy paradigm.
  • To provide evidence for or against a hierarchical model of attentional selectivity.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted using speeded 2-choice tasks.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Participants were precued regarding stimulus position and target shape probability.
  • Response time (RT) was measured for orientation discrimination of presented shapes.

    • Main Results:

    • Faster RTs were observed for expected stimulus positions compared to unexpected ones.
    • Faster RTs were also found for likely target shapes versus unlikely ones.
    • Crucially, RTs were slower for likely shapes at unexpected positions where probabilities were equal, contradicting probability-matching.

    Conclusions:

    • The findings support a hierarchical-expectancy model of attentional selectivity.
    • The probability-matching hypothesis is insufficient to explain performance with concurrent expectancies.
    • Attentional processes are modulated by integrated positional and featural information.