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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

Thyroidectomy under local anaesthesia in India.

Edwin Stephen¹, Sukria Nayak, Serina R Salins

¹Rural Unit for Health and Social Affairs, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632209, India. ruhsadepartment@gmail.com

Tropical Doctor

|February 28, 2008

Summary

Thyroid surgery performed under local anesthesia is a safe, economical, and low-risk procedure. This approach offers a viable alternative for thyroidectomies, minimizing patient morbidity.

Area of Science:

Surgery
Anesthesiology
Endocrinology

Background:

Thyroidectomy is a common surgical procedure.
General anesthesia is typically used for thyroid surgery.
Local anesthesia for thyroid surgery is underutilized.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of thyroid surgery under local anesthesia.
To present institutional experience with this technique.
To advocate for the consideration of local anesthesia in thyroidectomies.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of thyroidectomy cases performed under local anesthesia.
Analysis of patient demographics, surgical outcomes, and complications.
Comparison with historical data where applicable.

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Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

Gasless Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via the Trans-Axillary Approach

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Main Results:

Thyroid surgery under local anesthesia demonstrated negligible morbidity.
The procedure was found to be safe and well-tolerated by patients.
Cost-effectiveness was noted as a significant advantage.

Conclusions:

Thyroid surgery under local anesthesia is a safe and economical option.
This technique represents a valuable, albeit underused, surgical skill.
Consideration of local anesthesia can reduce patient morbidity and healthcare costs.