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The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

The Perinatal Asphyxiated Lamb Model: A Model for Newborn Resuscitation

The Perinatal Asphyxiated Lamb Model: A Model for Newborn Resuscitation

Published on: August 15, 2018

Evaporated liquid nitrogen-induced asphyxia: a case report.

Dong Hoon Kim¹, Hyung Jong Lee

¹Department of Pathology, Pohang Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Pohang, Korea. withdhk@naver.com

Journal of Korean Medical Science

|February 28, 2008

Summary

A postgraduate student died from asphyxia due to evaporated liquid nitrogen in an unsealed underground area. Rapid oxygen depletion in the confined space led to fatal hypoxemia.

Area of Science:

Forensic Science
Environmental Health & Safety

Background:

A fatality occurred in a confined underground space involving liquid nitrogen.
The incident involved an improperly managed liquid nitrogen cylinder and Dewar flask setup.

Observation:

A 27-year-old postgraduate student was found deceased in an unsealed underground dry area.
External and internal examinations revealed no trauma, but petechiae were present in the conjunctivae and periorbital skin.
Atmospheric analysis showed rapid oxygen depletion, falling to 12.0% within minutes and reaching 4.2% within 20 minutes.

Findings:

The primary cause of death was determined to be asphyxia.
Evaporated liquid nitrogen rapidly displaced oxygen in the confined space, leading to a hazardous atmosphere.
The setup with an open cylinder connected to a flask facilitated rapid gas evaporation and oxygen displacement.

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Implications:

Highlights the extreme dangers of asphyxiation from inert gas displacement in confined spaces.
Underscores the critical need for stringent safety protocols when handling cryogenic liquids like liquid nitrogen.
Emphasizes the importance of adequate ventilation and atmospheric monitoring in areas where inert gases are used or stored.