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Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

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An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

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Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

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A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

A Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Technique for Inducing Post-stroke Depression in Rats

A Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Technique for Inducing Post-stroke Depression in Rats

Published on: May 22, 2019

Nondysphoric depression following stroke.

Sergio Paradiso¹, Jatin Vaidya, Daniel Tranel

¹University of Iowa, Department of Psychiatry, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. sergio-paradiso@uiowa.edu

The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences

|February 29, 2008

Summary

Right hemisphere damage in stroke patients can lead to a unique form of depression without sadness. This nondysphoric depression is linked to specific brain lesions and altered emotional processing.

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Published on: May 22, 2019

Effect of Yi-Nao-Jie-Yu Prescription on Post-Stroke Depression in Rats using Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Combined with Behavioral Restraint

Effect of Yi-Nao-Jie-Yu Prescription on Post-Stroke Depression in Rats using Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Combined with Behavioral Restraint

Published on: January 9, 2026

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Psychiatry
Neurology

Background:

Depressive disorders following stroke are common.
The role of right hemisphere damage in stroke-related depression is not fully understood.
Emotion processing deficits may be influenced by brain injury location.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between right hemisphere damage and the presentation of nondysphoric depression after stroke.
To compare the characteristics of nondysphoric depression with dysphoric depression and nondepressed stroke patients.
To explore how brain lesion location impacts emotional apprehension in post-stroke depression.

Main Methods:

Examined 301 consecutive acute stroke admissions.
Identified patients with nondysphoric depression (ideation without sadness) using validated criteria.
Compared nondysphoric depressed patients to dysphoric depressed patients and nondepressed controls.

Main Results:

Nondysphoric depression was associated with more frequent right anterior hemisphere lesions compared to dysphoric depression.
Patients with nondysphoric depression exhibited psychomotor slowing, self-depreciation, and severe sad affect.
Findings suggest a distinct pattern of psychopathology linked to specific brain damage.

Conclusions:

Right hemisphere damage may alter how stroke patients experience and present depression.
Nondysphoric depression represents a unique subtype of post-stroke depressive disorder.
Impaired apprehension of personal emotional changes may result from right hemisphere lesions affecting emotion processing.