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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Molecular Evolution of the Tre Recombinase
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Selection overrides gene flow to break down maladaptive mimicry.

George R Harper1, David W Pfennig

  • 1Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.

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|February 29, 2008
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Summary

Batesian mimicry, where harmless species mimic dangerous ones, can occur in areas without the dangerous model due to male-driven migration. However, natural selection favors non-mimetic traits in these areas, overriding gene flow.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Ecology
  • Behavioral Ecology

Background:

  • Batesian mimicry involves palatable species mimicking dangerous ones to deter predators.
  • Mimics are expected to occur only where the dangerous model species is present (sympatry).
  • The presence of mimics in areas without the model (allopatry) challenges this expectation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary and genetic mechanisms behind Batesian mimicry in allopatry.
  • To explain the presence of coral snake mimics in areas lacking coral snakes.
  • To understand the interplay between gene flow and natural selection in maintaining mimicry.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized indirect DNA-based methods to study gene flow between populations.
  • Compared gene flow in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA to infer sex-biased dispersal.
  • Analyzed phenotypic differences in mimicry between sympatric and allopatric populations.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests mimics migrate from sympatric to allopatric regions.
  • Gene flow is significantly higher in nuclear genes than mitochondrial genes, indicating male dispersal.
  • Allopatric mimics show reduced resemblance to the model compared to sympatric mimics.

Conclusions:

  • Male-mediated gene flow can explain the occurrence of Batesian mimics in allopatry.
  • Predator-mediated natural selection acts against mimetic phenotypes in allopatry.
  • Natural selection can override gene flow, leading to the evolution of non-mimetic traits in allopatric populations.