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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...
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Absorption of Radiation01:05

Absorption of Radiation

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The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
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Generating Electromagnetic Radiations01:10

Generating Electromagnetic Radiations

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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...
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Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving01:09

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force...
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Momentum And Radiation Pressure01:20

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

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An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 22, 2026

Studying Normal Tissue Radiation Effects using Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels
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Studying Normal Tissue Radiation Effects using Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels

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[Radiation myelopathy and plexopathy].

Haruo Shimazaki1, Imaharu Nakano

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311 1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329 0498, Japan.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|March 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Radiation myelopathy (RM) and plexopathy are rare neurological disorders from radiation. Delayed RM causes spinal cord lesions, while radiation plexopathy affects nerves, presenting with pain and weakness.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Radiology
  • Pathology

Context:

  • Radiation myelopathy (RM) and plexopathy are rare but serious neurological complications following radiation therapy.
  • Understanding their distinct clinical presentations, imaging findings, and histopathological features is crucial for diagnosis and management.

Purpose:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of radiation myelopathy and radiation plexopathy.
  • To differentiate between transient and delayed RM, and brachial vs. lumbosacral plexopathy.
  • To discuss the proposed pathomechanisms and current therapeutic strategies.

Summary:

  • Delayed RM involves spinal cord white matter necrosis and demyelination, presenting with sensory disturbances and weakness, detectable via MRI as lesions and atrophy.
  • Radiation plexopathy, affecting brachial or lumbosacral nerves, is characterized by pain, weakness, and peripheral neuropathy findings, with MRI aiding differentiation from cancer invasion.

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  • Pathophysiology involves glial and vascular mechanisms for RM, and nerve compression/microvascular obstruction for plexopathy. Treatments like corticosteroids and anticoagulation offer symptomatic relief.

    • Impact:

    • This review aids clinicians in accurately diagnosing and managing radiation-induced neurological injuries.
    • It highlights the importance of advanced imaging and electrophysiological studies in differentiating these conditions.
    • Further research into pathophysiology may lead to more effective targeted therapies for radiation myelopathy and plexopathy.