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Related Concept Videos

Energetics of Solution Formation02:35

Energetics of Solution Formation

The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, which is a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Formation of the solution requires the solute–solute and solvent–solvent electrostatic forces to...
Chemical and Solubility Equilibria02:21

Chemical and Solubility Equilibria

The free energy change associated with dissolving a solute in a liter of solvent is called the free energy of a solution, ΔGsolution. The overall ΔGsolution is expressed as the balance of ΔGinteraction against the always-favorable free-energy of mixing, ΔGmixing. Solution formation is favorable if  ΔGsolution is less than zero, whereas it is unfavorable if ΔGsolution is greater than zero. In short, for a solution to form and complete dissolution to take place, the Gibbs energy change must be...
Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
When the strengths of the intermolecular forces of attraction between solute and solvent species in a solution are no different than those present in the separated components, the solution is formed with no accompanying energy change. Such a solution is called an ideal solution. A mixture of ideal gases (or gases such as helium and argon,...
Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ ≥ 15); an...
Solubility03:00

Solubility

Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules, atoms, and/or ions)...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Total Internal Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (TIRAS) for the Detection of Solvated Electrons at a Plasma-liquid Interface
08:50

Total Internal Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (TIRAS) for the Detection of Solvated Electrons at a Plasma-liquid Interface

Published on: January 24, 2018

Solvent dynamics effect in condensed-phase electron-transfer reactions.

Jianjun Zhu1, Yanbin Cheng, Tong-Chun Bai

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Henna Normal University, Xinxian, People's Republic of China.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|March 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a dynamic correction factor to electron transfer (ET) rate constants, improving predictions for solvent dynamics. Model B, incorporating classical inner-sphere motion, shows better agreement with experimental data.

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Total Internal Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (TIRAS) for the Detection of Solvated Electrons at a Plasma-liquid Interface
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Published on: January 24, 2018

Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes
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Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes

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Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
10:37

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Physics
  • Theoretical Chemistry

Background:

  • Electron transfer (ET) reactions are fundamental in chemistry and biology.
  • Existing models like Marcus-Jortner often simplify solvent dynamics.
  • Understanding the influence of solvent friction on ET rates is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analytically solve channel-based reaction-diffusion equations for ET models.
  • To derive a modified ET rate constant incorporating solvent dynamics.
  • To evaluate the performance of different theoretical models against experimental data.

Main Methods:

  • Analytical solution of reaction-diffusion equations.
  • Application of Fermi's golden rule for fast inner-sphere motion.
  • Development and comparison of two generalized Zusman-Sumi-Marcus models (GZSM-A and GZSM-B).

Main Results:

  • A dynamic correction factor (alpha) was derived, quantifying solvent friction effects.
  • Model B, including a classical inner-sphere mode, demonstrated superior agreement with experimental ET rates compared to Model A.
  • Adjusting the effective time correlation function in Model B led to excellent agreement across various solvent relaxation times.

Conclusions:

  • Solvent friction significantly impacts ET rates, especially under slow dynamic relaxation.
  • The proposed dynamic correction factor and Model B offer a more accurate description of ET processes.
  • The refined theoretical framework provides a valuable tool for predicting ET rates in diverse solvent environments.