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Related Concept Videos

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry01:07

Radicals: Electronic Structure and Geometry

5.4K
This lesson delves into the geometry of a radical, which is influenced by the electronic structure of the molecule. The principle is similar to that of a lone pair, where the unpaired electron influences the geometry at the radical center.
Accordingly, the structure of a trivalent radical lies between the geometries of carbocations and carbanions. An sp2-hybridized carbocation is trigonal planar, while an sp3-hybridized carbanion is trigonal pyramidal. Here, the difference in geometry is...
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Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

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The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
4.5K
Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

2.4K
Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions...
2.4K
Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

3.0K
Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
3.0K
Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents01:27

Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents

10.6K
In the presence of heat or light, alkanes react with molecular halogens to form alkyl halides by a substitution reaction called radical halogenation. This reaction has three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination, as seen in the radical chlorination of methane to produce methyl chloride.
In the initiation step of the reaction, the chlorine molecule undergoes homolytic cleavage in the presence of light or heat, forming two highly reactive chlorine radicals. Propagation occurs in two...
10.6K
Radical Halogenation: Stereochemistry01:33

Radical Halogenation: Stereochemistry

4.8K
Stereochemistry is the study of the different spatial arrangements of atoms in a given molecule. The stereochemistry of radical halogenations can be understood from three different situations:
Halogenation to form a new chiral center:
4.8K

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Occult sentinel lymph node metastasis detected by intraoperative ex vivo high-frequency ultrasound in clinically early-stage cervical cancer: a case from the prospective RHINOCERUS study.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 17, 2026

Introduction of Intracapsular Rotary-cut Procedures IRCP: A Modified Hysteromyomectomy Procedures Facilitating Fertility Preservation
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Classification of radical hysterectomy.

Denis Querleu1, C Paul Morrow

  • 1Department of Surgery, Institut Claudius Regaud, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. querleu.denis@claudiusregaud.fr

The Lancet. Oncology
|March 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

A new classification for cervical cancer surgery simplifies procedures based on resection extent, aiding communication and research. This system considers surgical outcomes and side effects like bladder dysfunction.

Area of Science:

  • Gynecologic Oncology
  • Surgical Classification Systems

Background:

  • Numerous radical surgical procedures for cervical cancer exist, lacking a unified classification.
  • Existing methods vary in radicality and do not consistently address adverse effects like bladder dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a simple, standardized classification system for cervical cancer surgery.
  • To incorporate curative effects and adverse outcomes, such as bladder dysfunction, into the classification.
  • To base the classification on the lateral extent of resection and lymph node dissection.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a four-type classification (A-D) for radical hysterectomy based on lateral resection extent.
  • Introduced subtypes for nerve preservation and paracervical lymphadenectomy.

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  • Defined four levels (1-4) for lymph node dissection based on arterial anatomy and procedure radicality.

    • Main Results:

    • The proposed classification is based on lateral extent of resection for radical hysterectomy.
    • Lymph node dissection is categorized into four levels.
    • The system is adaptable to various surgical approaches (open, vaginal, laparoscopic, robotic) and fertility-sparing procedures.

    Conclusions:

    • A simplified, internationally standardized classification for cervical cancer surgery is proposed.
    • This system facilitates communication, comparison, clinical research, and quality control in surgical procedures.
    • The classification accounts for surgical outcomes and potential adverse effects, improving patient care.