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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter

Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter

Published on: March 12, 2013

Relationships between direct predation and risk effects.

Scott Creel¹, David Christianson

¹Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA. screel@montana.edu

Trends in Ecology & Evolution

|March 1, 2008

Summary

Predator risk effects, where prey change behavior due to perceived threats, significantly impact populations. These behavioral changes can be more substantial than direct predation, affecting conservation strategies.

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter

Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter

Published on: March 12, 2013

Area of Science:

Ecology
Behavioral Ecology
Conservation Biology

Background:

Predation risk influences prey behavior, imposing costs.
Empirical evidence shows these risk effects can be substantial.
Current vertebrate conservation often overlooks risk effects, focusing on direct predation.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the significance of risk effects in ecological dynamics.
To emphasize that risk effects can be larger than direct predation.
To argue for the inclusion of risk effects in conservation and management.

Main Methods:

The study is a conceptual synthesis and review of existing literature.
It analyzes the implications of behavioral prey responses to predators.
It contrasts direct predation effects with indirect risk effects.

Main Results:

Risk effects can exceed direct predation impacts.
Risk effects can persist even with zero direct predation.
Risk effects on reproduction may be misattributed to other factors like food limitation.

Conclusions:

Ignoring risk effects in conservation is scientifically unsound.
Behavioral changes in prey due to predators are critical population drivers.
A comprehensive understanding of predation requires integrating both direct and risk effects.