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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions

The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions

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Function of the PHA-4/FOXA transcription factor during C. elegans post-embryonic development.

Di Chen¹, Donald L Riddle

¹Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. dchen@buckinstitute.org

BMC Developmental Biology

|March 4, 2008

Summary

PHA-4, a forkhead box A transcription factor, is crucial for C. elegans dauer recovery and organ development. Its expression increases during dauer, and it interacts with DAF-16 in parallel pathways to regulate development and stress responses.

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Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development

Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development

Published on: January 26, 2013

Area of Science:

Developmental biology
Genetics
Molecular biology

Background:

PHA-4 is a forkhead box (FOX) A transcription factor essential for C. elegans pharynx development.
PHA-4 transcription is upregulated in dauer larvae compared to growing animals.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the role of PHA-4 during post-embryonic development.
Understand PHA-4's function in dauer recovery and organogenesis.

Main Methods:

RNA interference (RNAi) to knock down pha-4 expression.
Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) for gene profiling.
RT-PCR and GFP reporters for gene expression analysis.

Main Results:

PHA-4 is essential for dauer recovery, gonad, and vulva development.
DAF-16, a FOXO transcription factor, shows overlapping phenotypes with pha-4, suggesting parallel pathways.
PHA-4 regulates vulval transcription of lag-2, a LIN-12/Notch pathway ligand.

Conclusions:

PHA-4 has previously unrecognized roles in post-embryonic development, including dauer recovery.
PHA-4 integrates organogenesis with developmental arrest decisions.
Findings shed light on transcriptional networks controlling growth versus diapause.