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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Glandular Epithelium01:20

Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Glandular Epithelium

The glandular epithelium is made of one or more epithelial cells modified to synthesize and secrete chemical substances. Glandular epithelia can be classified based on cell number. Unicellular glands have individual secretory cells scattered across the epithelial monolayer. In contrast, multicellular glands consist of a hollow tubular duct attached to the cluster of secretory cells located in the deep pockets.
Multicellular glands are formed during early development when epithelial budding...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
06:08

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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[Problem areas of tumour classifications--thyroid carcinomas].

K W Schmid1

  • 1Institut für Pathologie und Neuropathologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen.

Verhandlungen Der Deutschen Gesellschaft Fur Pathologie
|March 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study addresses diagnostic challenges in thyroid carcinoma classification following the 2004 WHO update. It proposes a refined, histogenetic classification system for thyroid tumors, including grading for follicular cell carcinomas.

Area of Science:

  • Pathology
  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology

Context:

  • The 2004 WHO classification of thyroid tumors introduced new entities like poorly differentiated carcinoma and revised diagnostic criteria, particularly for papillary carcinoma.
  • Traditional thyroid carcinoma subtypes (papillary, follicular, medullary, anaplastic) are now expanded, necessitating updated diagnostic approaches.

Purpose:

  • To highlight diagnostic difficulties arising from the revised WHO classification of thyroid tumors.
  • To propose a more systematic classification of thyroid carcinomas based on histogenetic differentiation and tumor grading.

Summary:

  • The paper reviews diagnostic challenges in thyroid carcinoma, focusing on changes in the 2004 WHO classification, especially regarding papillary and poorly differentiated carcinomas.
  • It suggests a revised classification framework categorizing tumors by histogenetic origin (follicular cell, C cell, rare types) and grading follicular cell carcinomas (differentiated, poorly differentiated, anaplastic).

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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Establishment and Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

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  • Diagnostic criteria for papillary carcinoma, poorly differentiated carcinoma, and rare thyroid malignancies are discussed.

    • Impact:

    • Aims to improve diagnostic accuracy and consistency in thyroid carcinoma pathology.
    • Provides a structured approach for pathologists encountering complex thyroid tumor cases.
    • Facilitates better understanding and management of diverse thyroid malignancies.