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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
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Published on: March 29, 2016

Long pulse large area beam extraction with a rf driven H(-)/D(-) source.

W Kraus1, H-D Falter, U Fantz

  • 1Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstrasse 2, Garching, Germany.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|March 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

IPP Garching advanced the radio-frequency driven negative hydrogen/deuterium ion source for ITER Neutral Beam Injection. Experiments achieved stable, long-pulse operation with suppressed electron currents, including a record 1-hour pulse.

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma Physics
  • Fusion Energy Engineering
  • Ion Source Technology

Background:

  • The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) requires high-performance negative ion sources for its Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) system.
  • IPP Garching is developing radio-frequency (rf) driven H-/D- ion sources crucial for ITER's NBI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the operational capabilities of the rf-driven H-/D- ion source to long pulse durations and large area beam extraction.
  • To address and suppress the coextracted electron current, a critical challenge for efficient operation.
  • To stabilize ion and electron currents during extended operation.

Main Methods:

  • Modifications to the ion source and its power supply system for long-pulse capability.
  • Implementation of potential control techniques.
  • Adjustment of magnetic filter fields.
  • Optimization of cesium handling procedures.

Main Results:

  • Successful demonstration of long pulse (up to 1 hour) operation for the rf-driven H-/D- ion source.
  • Significant suppression of coextracted electron current achieved through various experimental methods.
  • Stabilization of ion and electron currents during extended experimental runs.
  • Validation of large area beam extraction capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • The developed rf-driven H-/D- ion source meets the demanding requirements for ITER NBI, particularly regarding long pulse duration and beam quality.
  • The implemented strategies for electron current suppression and current stabilization are effective for future NBI systems.
  • Further optimization of cesium and magnetic field configurations can enhance source performance and reliability.