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Mass Analyzers: Common Types

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...

Mass Analyzers: Overview

Mass Analyzers: Overview

The mass analyzer is a crucial component of the mass spectrometer. In the ionization chamber, the vaporized sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam to generate a radical cation and further fragment into neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. A series of negatively charged accelerator plates accelerate the cations into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios and then directs them to the detector. The common types of mass...

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
Accelerated...

Overview of Electron Microscopy

Overview of Electron Microscopy

The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can only magnify 1000X, and a few can magnify up to 1500X. Electrons, like electromagnetic radiation, can behave like waves, but with wavelengths of 0.005 nm, they produce significantly greater resolution up to 0.05 nm as compared to 500 nm for visible light. An electron microscope (EM) can create a sharp image that is magnified up to 2,000,000X.

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers. Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

Van de Graaff Generator

Van de Graaff Generator

Van de Graaff generators (or Van de Graaffs) are devices used to demonstrate high voltage due to static electricity that can also be used for research. Robert Van de Graaff first built one in 1931 (based on original suggestions by Lord Kelvin) for use in nuclear physics research.
Van de Graaff uses both smooth and pointed surfaces, conductors, and insulators to generate large static charges and, hence, large voltages. A substantial excess charge can be deposited on the sphere because it moves...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Additive Manufacturing-Enabled Low-Cost Particle Detector

Additive Manufacturing-Enabled Low-Cost Particle Detector

Published on: March 24, 2023

Miniature electrostatic electron energy analyzers and S-shaped deflector.

J F Williams¹, X Chen, P Wilkie

¹Centre for Atomic, Molecular and Surface Physics, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.

The Review of Scientific Instruments

|March 5, 2008

Summary

A new instrument rotates electron beams for quantum scattering experiments, simplifying setups by avoiding large component rotation. This innovation enhances measurements of angular and spin asymmetries in electron scattering phenomena.

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Last Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Additive Manufacturing-Enabled Low-Cost Particle Detector

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Published on: March 24, 2023

Electrochemical Etching and Characterization of Sharp Field Emission Points for Electron Impact Ionization

Electrochemical Etching and Characterization of Sharp Field Emission Points for Electron Impact Ionization

Published on: July 12, 2016

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Area of Science:

Quantum physics
Particle scattering
Electron optics

Background:

Traditional quantum single particle scattering experiments often require rotating large electron sources and detectors.
This rotation presents significant mechanical challenges and complexity in experimental design.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel instrument that enables electron beam rotation without moving large experimental components.
To enhance the efficiency and reduce the size of apparatus used in electron scattering studies.

Main Methods:

A series of three small cylindrical electrostatic electron energy analyzers were combined.
The first analyzer remains fixed, while the subsequent two rotate coaxially.
The design utilizes readily available materials like copper, aluminum, stainless steel, and polyvinyl printed circuit boards for vacuum compatibility.

Main Results:

The instrument successfully achieved electron beam rotation through the coordinated movement of the electrostatic analyzers.
Measurements demonstrated the instrument's efficiency, compact size, and compatibility with high vacuum environments.
The device proved versatile for measuring angular and spin asymmetries in electron scattering.

Conclusions:

The developed instrument offers a significant advancement for quantum single particle scattering experiments.
It provides a more practical and efficient method for manipulating electron beams in scattering studies.
The design facilitates precise measurements of scattering asymmetries, advancing the field of electron optics.