Influences of aflatoxin B1 on reactive oxygen species generation and chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes

The effects of aflatoxin (AF), a hepatotoxic agent and the strongest carcinogen in nature, on polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotaxis and chemiluminescence (CL) were studied. Luminol-dependent CL activity, which reflects the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from PMNs, was up-regulated to approximately 150% when PMNs were treated with 0.05 ng/ml of AFB1 upon stimulation with N-formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP) or zymosan. On the other hand, PMN CL activity was down-regulated to approximately 25% of the control when PMNs were treated with 50 ng/ml of AFB1 upon stimulation with zymosan. The effect of AFB1 on PMN chemotaxis was also investigated using the Boyden chamber method. The chemotactic ability of PMNs when interleukin (IL)-8 was used as a chemoattractant was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner at AFB1 concentrations of >10 ng/ml. In reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR analysis, gene expression levels of CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)1/2, whose ligands are IL-8, granulocyte chemotactic protein (GCP)-2, neutrophil attractant-activation protein (NAP)-2, and epithelial neutrophil-activating protein (ENA)-78, which regulate PMN chemotaxis, were also down-regulated in a dose-dependent manner by 50 ng/ml AFB1. mRNA expression levels of CXCR1/2 were down-regulated to approximately 85% of that in the controls when PMNs were treated with 100 ng/ml AFB1. These results suggest that a high concentration of AFB1 reduces the chemotactic ability of PMNs via the CXCR1/2 cascade indirectly.