Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 5, 2026
Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats
Published on: October 17, 2010
Using clinical factors and mammographic breast density to estimate breast cancer risk: development and validation of
Jeffrey A Tice1, Steven R Cummings, Rebecca Smith-Bindman
1Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-1732, USA. jtice@medicine.ucsf.edu
Background:
Current models for assessing breast cancer risk are complex and do not include breast density, a strong risk factor for breast cancer that is routinely reported with mammography.
Objective:
To develop and validate an easy-to-use breast cancer risk prediction model that includes breast density.
Design:
Empirical model based on Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results incidence, and relative hazards from a prospective cohort.
Setting:
Screening mammography sites participating in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium.
Patients:
1,095,484 women undergoing mammography who had no previous diagnosis of breast cancer.
Measurements:
Self-reported age, race or ethnicity, family history of breast cancer, and history of breast biopsy. Community radiologists rated breast density by using 4 Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System categories.
Results:
During 5.3 years of follow-up, invasive breast cancer was diagnosed in 14,766 women. The breast density model was well calibrated overall (expected-observed ratio, 1.03 [95% CI, 0.99 to 1.06]) and in racial and ethnic subgroups. It had modest discriminatory accuracy (concordance index, 0.66 [CI, 0.65 to 0.67]). Women with low-density mammograms had 5-year risks less than 1.67% unless they had a family history of breast cancer and were older than age 65 years.
Limitation:
The model has only modest ability to discriminate between women who will develop breast cancer and those who will not.
Conclusion:
A breast cancer prediction model that incorporates routinely reported measures of breast density can estimate 5-year risk for invasive breast cancer. Its accuracy needs to be further evaluated in independent populations before it can be recommended for clinical use.
