[Basic principles of non-respiratory physiotherapy for neuromuscular diseases]

Loss of function, muscle pain and secondary muscoloskeletal complaints are common symptoms of patients with neuromuscular disease. Many patients develop a progressive handicap. Physiotherapeutic treatment is often used in the management of neuromuscular diseases. Different therapeutic strategies are useful depending on the stage and pathophysiology of the disease and with regard to the extent of the patient's handicap. The aims of the physiotherapy and realistic targets should be discussed critically with the patient at the beginning of the treatment. We propose different physiotherapeutic strategies depending on the stage of the underlying disease: 1) Patient is able to walk--active phase: education in self-training with regard to the risks of exhaustion. Manual and physical treatment of mycofascial complaints. 2) Progressive functional loss--assistive phase: support of compensation and daily functioning. 3) Patient in wheelchair or bedbound, loss of most voluntary functions--passive phase. The knowledge of the pathopysiology of the underlying disease is essential for the development of therapeutic strategies. Loss of upper neurons leads to the development of spasticity and muscle hypertonia whereas muscular atrophy and weakness is a prominent feature of lower motor neuron loss. Overtreatment and exhaustive training may lead to secondary muscle damage in primary myopathies. Training in short sessions with intervals between may have protective effects.