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Related Concept Videos

Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
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cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

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Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
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Stimulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Sensing Pathways In Vitro and In Vivo
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Cyclic AMP: master regulator of innate immune cell function.

Carlos H Serezani1, Megan N Ballinger, David M Aronoff

  • 1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health, System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) suppresses innate immunity, but microbes exploit this pathway for virulence. Targeting the cAMP axis may offer new strategies to boost antimicrobial defense and combat infections.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a crucial second messenger regulating cellular functions.
  • Its production is initiated by adenylyl cyclase activation, often triggered by G protein-coupled receptor signaling.
  • Elevated intracellular cAMP levels typically inhibit innate immune responses, such as inflammatory mediator release and microbial killing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structure and function of the cAMP signaling pathway.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which cAMP influences phagocyte immune functions.
  • To explore microbial strategies for exploiting the host cAMP axis and its clinical implications in infection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cAMP signaling in immunity.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms linking cAMP to immune cell function.
  • Examination of microbial virulence factors targeting the cAMP pathway.
  • Discussion of clinical relevance and therapeutic potential.

Main Results:

  • The cAMP axis plays a significant role in modulating innate immunity.
  • Microbes have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate host cAMP levels for their benefit.
  • Increased cAMP is associated with increased susceptibility to infections in various clinical settings.

Conclusions:

  • The cAMP pathway is a critical regulator of host defense against pathogens.
  • Understanding how microbes exploit cAMP is key to developing novel anti-infective strategies.
  • Therapeutic interventions targeting cAMP signaling hold promise for enhancing immune responses and treating infections.