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Related Concept Videos

Single Pipe Systems01:24

Single Pipe Systems

In pipe flow analysis, problems are typically categorized into three types — Type I, Type II, and Type III — based on the known parameters and the desired outcome. Each type of problem addresses specific engineering requirements using fluid properties, pipe characteristics, and operational conditions.
In a Type I problem, fluid properties (density and viscosity), pipe characteristics (including diameter, length, and surface roughness), and the flow rate or average velocity are known. The...
Laminar Flow01:27

Laminar Flow

Laminar flow represents a smooth, orderly fluid motion where particles move along parallel paths, resulting in minimal mixing between layers. Streamlined particle paths characterize this flow regime and occur under conditions where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. The distinction between laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow is primarily determined by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity calculated as:
Pipe Flowrate Measurement01:28

Pipe Flowrate Measurement

In pipe flow measurement, orifice, nozzle, and Venturi meters are commonly used to determine fluid flowrates by constricting the flow area, which increases fluid velocity and reduces pressure. This pressure difference, governed by Bernoulli's principle and adjusted for real-world conditions, is essential for calculating flowrate. Each meter type is suited to specific applications based on accuracy, efficiency, and compatibility with various flow conditions.
The orifice meter is a simple,...
Multiple Pipe Systems01:21

Multiple Pipe Systems

Multipipe systems consist of complex configurations of interconnected pipes designed to transport fluids efficiently across intricate networks. They are essential in engineering applications requiring precise control over flow distribution, pressure, and head loss. They are categorized into series, parallel, loop, and network configurations, each distinguished by unique flow characteristics and applications.
Series Configuration
In a series configuration, fluid flows sequentially from one pipe...
Minor Losses in Pipes01:25

Minor Losses in Pipes

In pipe systems, minor losses refer to energy losses arising from components such as valves, bends, fittings, expansions, and other features that disrupt the steady flow of fluid. These disturbances cause energy dissipation through turbulence and resistance, which engineers quantify to manage system efficiency effectively.
Valves play a significant role in generating minor losses by obstructing or redirecting the fluid flow. When a valve is closed or partially closed, it restricts the flow...
Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II01:19

Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II

In gas chromatography, different detectors are employed to meet specific analytical needs. These detectors are often categorized based on their detection mechanisms and the types of compounds they are best suited to analyze. Thermal Conductivity Detectors (TCD), Flame Ionization Detectors (FID), and Electron Capture Detectors (ECD) represent common categories, each with unique operating principles and applications. However, beyond these, several other detectors are designed for more specialized...

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Measuring Sub-23 Nanometer Real Driving Particle Number Emissions Using the Portable DownToTen Sampling System
08:59

Measuring Sub-23 Nanometer Real Driving Particle Number Emissions Using the Portable DownToTen Sampling System

Published on: May 22, 2020

Waterpipe-associated particulate matter emissions.

Wasim Maziak1, Samer Rastam, Iman Ibrahim

  • 1Department of Health & Sport Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA. wmaziak@memphis.edu

Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco
|March 8, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Waterpipe tobacco smoking significantly increases indoor particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) levels, posing a risk to nonsmokers. Regulations should address waterpipe use due to its harmful smoke exposure.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Public Health
  • Tobacco Control

Background:

  • Waterpipe tobacco smoking is a growing global concern.
  • Evidence of harm to smokers is increasing, but exposure risks for nonsmokers remain understudied.
  • Particulate matter (PM) is a key component of secondhand smoke with known health implications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) emissions from waterpipe tobacco smoking.
  • To compare PM emissions from waterpipe smoking versus cigarette smoking.
  • To assess PM levels during smoldering (non-smoking) sessions for both waterpipes and cigarettes.

Main Methods:

  • Laboratory measurements of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations using a TSI-SidePak aerosol monitor.
  • Controlled smoking sessions involving 20 waterpipe users and 20 cigarette smokers.
  • Measurement of PM levels during smoldering sessions for 10 waterpipes and 10 cigarettes.

Main Results:

  • Both waterpipe and cigarette smoking significantly increased PM2.5 and PM10 levels compared to background (p<.05).
  • Waterpipe smoking resulted in higher maximum PM2.5 (908 µg/m³) and PM10 (1052 µg/m³) levels than cigarette smoking.
  • While waterpipe smoldering did not significantly raise PM levels, cigarette smoldering did, with PM2.5 proportions being 70% for waterpipe vs. 95% for cigarettes.

Conclusions:

  • Waterpipe tobacco smoking is a significant source of indoor air pollution, contributing substantially to particulate matter exposure.
  • The findings indicate a need to include waterpipe tobacco smoking in clean air regulations.
  • Public awareness campaigns are necessary to inform about the risks of secondhand smoke exposure from waterpipes.